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所谓宇宙意识,是指人对宇宙和人在宇宙中之地位的认识。托马斯·哈代思考和探求宇宙太空的奥秘以及人在宇宙中的位置,并将这种宇宙意识融入到自己的整个文学创作中,包括诗歌、小说以及史诗剧《列王》,在时间跨度上,早至哈代文学创作之初的1866年,一直持续到1920年代。本文主要聚焦哈代的小说创作,拟从两个方面探讨哈代小说中的宇宙意识:一方面,哈代将夜幕下布满篝火的埃格敦荒原类比为星空,将天体星球之间遥不可及的距离作为人物关系的隐喻。另一方面,哈代既让小说中人物仰望星空,又让叙事者自由变换视角从天空反观地球和俯视人类。通过援引和类比天体星球,哈代将他的小说世界置于辽阔无比的宇宙,在茫茫宇宙的映衬下,人物间心灵的疏离隔绝更显悲怆,地球人类更显渺小无助。宇宙意识成为哈代悲观主义的一种缘由或表达。
The so-called cosmic consciousness refers to people’s understanding of the status of the universe and people in the universe. Thomas Hardy ponders and explores the mysteries of cosmic space and its place in the universe, and integrates this cosmic consciousness into his entire literary creation, including the “kings” of poetry, fiction and epic drama. In time span, As early as 1866, Hardy wrote literary works until the 1920s. This thesis mainly focuses on Hardy’s novels, and explores the cosmological consciousness in Hardy’s novels from two aspects: on the one hand, Hardy classifies the Eggerton Wasteland under the bonfire in the night as the sky and the unacceptable distance between celestial bodies As a metaphor for character relations. On the other hand, Hardy not only looks up to the stars in the novels, but also enables the narrators to freely change their perspectives from the sky to the earth and the humanity. By invoking and analogizing the celestial planet, Hardy places his world of fiction in the immeasurable universe. Under the background of the vast universe, the isolation and isolation of the soul among the characters is even more sad and gloomy, and the human beings in the world are even more helpless. Cosmic consciousness becomes a cause or expression of Hardy’s pessimism.