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产业政策是否有效已成为当下学术界的热点话题。文章聚焦2005年中国汽车工业国产化政策,并结合同时期的税收减免政策,利用2002-2007年中国汽车零部件和整车制造业的微观数据,实证分析其对企业全要素生产率的影响。研究发现:(1)整车厂商对零部件厂商的纵向技术溢出效应是国产化政策提升零部件企业全要素生产率的主要机制,但市场规模的扩张和短期内市场垄断程度的上升也使零部件企业产生了技术改进的惰性;(2)国产化政策对企业生产率的影响在不同所有制企业之间存在差异:内资企业、非国有企业更多地从整车厂商的技术溢出中获益,外资企业则更多地从市场规模的扩大中获益,国有企业生产率受该政策影响不显著;(3)国产化政策与同一时期税收减免政策之间的关系存在两面性。国产化政策下,受税收减免的FDI向本土零部件企业发生了更多的技术转移,受税收减免的企业本身却缺乏效率改进的动力。上述结论带给新一轮中国工业改革的启示是:国产化政策在一定范围内仍然是有效的,特别是对高端装备制造业等战略新兴产业,政策导向有利于为新产业主体建设打下基础;但是产业政策同样不应被过度使用,制定政策应该重视政策工具在不同阶段的有机组合,取长补短,使各产业政策形成合力进而保证企业效率的提升。
Whether the industrial policy is effective has become a hot topic in the current academic circles. This article focuses on the policy of localization of China’s automobile industry in 2005, and uses the same period of tax relief policies to analyze the impact of China’s total factor productivity on the use of micro-data of China’s auto parts and vehicle manufacturing industry from 2002-2007. The main findings are as follows: (1) The vertical spillover effect of OEMs on parts manufacturers is the main mechanism for localization policies to enhance the total factor productivity of parts and components enterprises. However, the expansion of market scale and the rise of market monopoly in the short term also make components (2) The impact of localization policy on the productivity of enterprises varies among different ownership enterprises: domestic-funded enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises benefit more from the technology spillover of vehicle manufacturers, while foreign-funded enterprises More benefit from the expansion of the market size, the productivity of state-owned enterprises is not significantly affected by the policy; (3) there are two sides to the relationship between the localization policy and the tax relief policy in the same period. Under the policy of domestic production, FDI, which is subject to tax relief, has shifted to more technology transfer to domestic auto parts enterprises. Enterprises that are subject to tax deduction and lack of motivation for efficiency improvement. The enlightenment brought by the above conclusion to the new round of China’s industrial reform is that the policy of localization is still valid within a certain range, especially for strategic emerging industries such as high-end equipment manufacturing industry, and policy guidance will lay the foundation for the construction of a new industrial entity; However, industrial policies should also not be overused. To formulate policies should attach importance to the organic combination of policy instruments at different stages and complement each other’s efforts so that industrial policies can work together to ensure the efficiency of enterprises.