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摘 要:為研究革胡子鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus,CG)鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐品质特性的影响,选用宰杀后的鲶鱼肉块,不经传统冷冻鱼糜生产的采肉、漂洗、脱水工艺,立即冰浴降温处理,添加冷冻防护剂直接斩拌得到鱼糜,将鱼糜速冻后在-18 ℃条件下冻藏,分别选取冻藏0、30、60、90 d的冷冻鱼糜缓慢解冻后制成4 组鱼豆腐(catfish tofu,CT),分别记为CT0、CT30、CT60、CT90组。对4 组鱼豆腐的感官品质、水分含量、白度、持水力、凝胶特性、水分迁移情况、微观结构等进行测定。结果表明:随着CG鱼糜冻藏时间的延长(0~90 d),鱼豆腐感官综合评分呈明显下降趋势,水分含量、白度、持水力、凝胶强度等指标显著下降(P<0.05),横向弛豫时间T22增加,不易流动水向自由水方向迁移,P22降低;CT30组鱼豆腐感官评分、P22显著低于CT0组(P<0.05),但水分含量、白度、持水力、凝胶强度与CT0组差异不显著,说明冻藏30 d的CG鱼糜仍保持着较高品质;CT60和CT90组鱼豆腐的各项指标均显著低于CT0组,尤其是CT90组的持水力和P22;扫描电子显微镜结果显示,CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐的三维空间网络结构结合紧密、孔洞小,CT60组鱼豆腐的微观结构出现疏松现象,CT90组鱼豆腐的三维空间结构空隙明显变大。因此,CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐品质良好,CT60组鱼豆腐品质在可接受范围内,CT90组鱼豆腐的综合指标显著降低。
关键词:未漂洗;革胡子鲶鱼;鱼糜;鱼豆腐;感官品质;凝胶特性
Effect of Frozen Storage Time of Clarias gariepinus Surimi on the Quality Characteristics of Fish Tofu
NING Yunxia1, BAO Jiatong1, YANG Qiyue1, WANG Yang2, MA Lizhen1, LIANG Liya1, LI Ling1,*
(1.Tianjin Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety School Enterprise Synergy Innovation Key Laboratory,
National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Tianjin), College of Food Science and Biotechnology,
Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China; 2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture,
College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China)
Abstract: To study the effects of the frozen storage time of Clarias gariepinus surimi on the quality characteristics of fish tofu, in this experiment, surimi was prepared by ice bath cooling immediately after slaughter and directly chopping the fish meat after adding a cryoprotectant instead of the traditional production process, involving rinsing and dehydration and was stored at ?18 ℃ after being quick frozen. After 0, 30, 60 and 90 d of storage samples were taken and slowly thawed for preparation of catfish tofu (CT0, CT30, CT60 and CT90, respectively). The sensory quality, moisture content, whiteness value, water-holding capacity, gel characteristics, moisture migration and microstructure of fish tofu were measured. The results showed that the overall sensory score of fish tofu decreased with prolonged storage time, as reflected by a significant decline in moisture content, whiteness value, water-holding capacity, gel characteristics, and other indicators (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in T22, transformation of immobilized water to free water and a consequent decrease in P22. Although the sensory score and P22 of CT30 were significantly lower than those of CT0, there was no significant difference in moisture content, whiteness value, water-holding capacity or gel strength, which indicates that the quality of surimi stored for 30 days remained good. All quality indexes of CT60 and CT90 were significantly lower than those of CT0, especially for the water-holding capacity and P22 of CT90. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the three-dimensional spatial network structure of CT0 and CT30 was dense with tiny holes, the microstructure of CT60 appeared to be porous, and the three-dimensional spatial structure of CT90 exhibited obviously enlarged voids. The results showed that the quality of CT0 and CT30 was excellent, the quality of CT60 was acceptable, while the comprehensive quality of CT90 was significantly reduced. 2.5 CG鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐水分迁移的影响
LF-NMR通过横向弛豫时间T2的变化从微观角度解释肉制品中水分的分布状态和变化规律[24-25],直观显示样品中水分及其迁移状态以及肌原纤维蛋白的完整性,是一种有效、快速的检测方法[26]。
由图5可知,4 组鱼豆腐的横向弛豫时间T2波谱图大致有4 个峰,T21-1、T21-2统称T21(0~10 ms),T21代表与大分子结合紧密的结合水,T22(10~100 ms)代表存在于凝胶空隙中的不易流动水,T23(100~1 000 ms)代表能够自由流动的自由水,T21、T22、T23的积分面积所占总积分面积的百分比用P21、P22和P23表示,代表各个区间氢质子的相对含量,即代表3 种状态水分的相对
含量[27]。T2越短表明水与底物结合越紧密,T2越长表明水分越自由[28]。不易流动水横向弛豫时间T22越短,其峰面积比例P22越大,鱼豆腐的空间网络结构结合紧密,凝胶特性就越好。
由表4~5可知:4 组鱼豆腐的T21和P21没有显著差异,说明CG鱼糜冻藏0~90 d对鱼豆腐结合水相对含量没有显著影响;随着CG鱼糜冻藏时间的延长,P23逐渐增加,T23在165.74~282.98 ms波动,且差异显著
(P<0.05),说明CG鱼糜冻藏过程中自由水移动活跃,从而导致鱼豆腐自由水流动性增强;随着CG鱼糜冻藏时间的延长,4 组鱼豆腐的T22逐渐增加,说明CG鱼糜冻藏过程中H+的自由度增加,减弱了水分和大分子之间的结合力,增加了水分流动性,部分不易流动水转化为自由水;4 组鱼豆腐P22为82.71%~89.95%,CT30和CT60组没有显著差异,CT90组显著低于其余3 组(P<0.05),说明CG鱼糜在-18 ℃冻藏过程中部分不易流动水转化为自由水,从而影响了鱼豆腐品质,导致鱼豆腐的不易流动水含量降低。从水分迁移测定结果来看,CG鱼糜最适冻藏时间为0~30 d,冻藏30~60 d在可接受范围内。
2.6 CG鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐微观结构的影响
使用扫描电子显微镜观察-18 ℃冻藏不同时间CG鱼糜制成鱼豆腐的微观结构。由图6可知,CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐三维空间网络结构结合紧密,变化不明显,说明CG鱼糜冻藏0~30 d后制成鱼豆腐的肌原纤维完整性良好,蛋白空间网络结构结合紧密,空隙小。CT60组鱼豆腐的微观结构已经出现疏松现象,鱼糜凝胶的三维网状结构紧密程度下降,空隙大于CT0和CT30组,这与岳开华等[8]
研究即食鱼糜制品贮藏60 d后的变化一致。CT90组鱼豆腐的三维空间结构空隙明显变大,这与凝胶强度测定结果一致,说明CG鱼糜在60~90 d冻藏期间部分肌原纤维蛋白遭到破坏,鱼糜蛋白的三维空间结构紧密程度下降明显,从而影响鱼豆腐的微观结构。从微观结构来看,CG鱼糜最佳冻藏时间为0~30 d,冻藏30~60 d在可接受范围内,冻藏90 d制成的鱼豆腐出现明显品质劣变。
3 结 论
通过对鱼豆腐感官品质、持水力、凝胶特性、水分迁移情况、微观结构等进行测定,研究CG鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐品质特性的影响。结果表明:CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐感官品质、白度、持水力、T22、P22和凝胶强度差异不显著,且均显著高于CT60和CT90组;CT60和CT90组鱼豆腐的持水力、T22和P22差异显著(P<0.05);从微观结构看,CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐三维空間网络结构结合紧密、空隙小,CT60组鱼豆腐的微观结构已经出现疏松现象,CT90组鱼豆腐的三维空间结构空隙明显变大。由以上结果可得出,CG鱼糜冻藏30 d时制成的鱼豆腐品质特性最佳,以冻藏60 d的CG鱼糜为原料制成的鱼豆腐品质特性在可接受范围内,冻藏90 d的CG鱼糜制成的鱼豆腐品质特性出现明显劣变。
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收稿日期:2019-12-31
基金项目:天津市水产产业技术体系创新团队项目(ITTFRS2017020);
天津市科委科技计划项目(17PTSYJC00140;17ZXYENC00080)
第一作者简介:宁云霞(1991—)(ORCID: 0000-0001-9440-3764),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产品加工品质与安全。
E-mail: [email protected]
通信作者简介:李玲(1982—)(ORCID: 0000-0003-2505-2045),女,副教授,博士,研究方向为果蔬采后生理与分子生物学、食品质量与安全。E-mail: [email protected]
关键词:未漂洗;革胡子鲶鱼;鱼糜;鱼豆腐;感官品质;凝胶特性
Effect of Frozen Storage Time of Clarias gariepinus Surimi on the Quality Characteristics of Fish Tofu
NING Yunxia1, BAO Jiatong1, YANG Qiyue1, WANG Yang2, MA Lizhen1, LIANG Liya1, LI Ling1,*
(1.Tianjin Aquatic Product Processing and Quality Safety School Enterprise Synergy Innovation Key Laboratory,
National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Tianjin), College of Food Science and Biotechnology,
Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China; 2.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture,
College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China)
Abstract: To study the effects of the frozen storage time of Clarias gariepinus surimi on the quality characteristics of fish tofu, in this experiment, surimi was prepared by ice bath cooling immediately after slaughter and directly chopping the fish meat after adding a cryoprotectant instead of the traditional production process, involving rinsing and dehydration and was stored at ?18 ℃ after being quick frozen. After 0, 30, 60 and 90 d of storage samples were taken and slowly thawed for preparation of catfish tofu (CT0, CT30, CT60 and CT90, respectively). The sensory quality, moisture content, whiteness value, water-holding capacity, gel characteristics, moisture migration and microstructure of fish tofu were measured. The results showed that the overall sensory score of fish tofu decreased with prolonged storage time, as reflected by a significant decline in moisture content, whiteness value, water-holding capacity, gel characteristics, and other indicators (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in T22, transformation of immobilized water to free water and a consequent decrease in P22. Although the sensory score and P22 of CT30 were significantly lower than those of CT0, there was no significant difference in moisture content, whiteness value, water-holding capacity or gel strength, which indicates that the quality of surimi stored for 30 days remained good. All quality indexes of CT60 and CT90 were significantly lower than those of CT0, especially for the water-holding capacity and P22 of CT90. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the three-dimensional spatial network structure of CT0 and CT30 was dense with tiny holes, the microstructure of CT60 appeared to be porous, and the three-dimensional spatial structure of CT90 exhibited obviously enlarged voids. The results showed that the quality of CT0 and CT30 was excellent, the quality of CT60 was acceptable, while the comprehensive quality of CT90 was significantly reduced. 2.5 CG鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐水分迁移的影响
LF-NMR通过横向弛豫时间T2的变化从微观角度解释肉制品中水分的分布状态和变化规律[24-25],直观显示样品中水分及其迁移状态以及肌原纤维蛋白的完整性,是一种有效、快速的检测方法[26]。
由图5可知,4 组鱼豆腐的横向弛豫时间T2波谱图大致有4 个峰,T21-1、T21-2统称T21(0~10 ms),T21代表与大分子结合紧密的结合水,T22(10~100 ms)代表存在于凝胶空隙中的不易流动水,T23(100~1 000 ms)代表能够自由流动的自由水,T21、T22、T23的积分面积所占总积分面积的百分比用P21、P22和P23表示,代表各个区间氢质子的相对含量,即代表3 种状态水分的相对
含量[27]。T2越短表明水与底物结合越紧密,T2越长表明水分越自由[28]。不易流动水横向弛豫时间T22越短,其峰面积比例P22越大,鱼豆腐的空间网络结构结合紧密,凝胶特性就越好。
由表4~5可知:4 组鱼豆腐的T21和P21没有显著差异,说明CG鱼糜冻藏0~90 d对鱼豆腐结合水相对含量没有显著影响;随着CG鱼糜冻藏时间的延长,P23逐渐增加,T23在165.74~282.98 ms波动,且差异显著
(P<0.05),说明CG鱼糜冻藏过程中自由水移动活跃,从而导致鱼豆腐自由水流动性增强;随着CG鱼糜冻藏时间的延长,4 组鱼豆腐的T22逐渐增加,说明CG鱼糜冻藏过程中H+的自由度增加,减弱了水分和大分子之间的结合力,增加了水分流动性,部分不易流动水转化为自由水;4 组鱼豆腐P22为82.71%~89.95%,CT30和CT60组没有显著差异,CT90组显著低于其余3 组(P<0.05),说明CG鱼糜在-18 ℃冻藏过程中部分不易流动水转化为自由水,从而影响了鱼豆腐品质,导致鱼豆腐的不易流动水含量降低。从水分迁移测定结果来看,CG鱼糜最适冻藏时间为0~30 d,冻藏30~60 d在可接受范围内。
2.6 CG鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐微观结构的影响
使用扫描电子显微镜观察-18 ℃冻藏不同时间CG鱼糜制成鱼豆腐的微观结构。由图6可知,CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐三维空间网络结构结合紧密,变化不明显,说明CG鱼糜冻藏0~30 d后制成鱼豆腐的肌原纤维完整性良好,蛋白空间网络结构结合紧密,空隙小。CT60组鱼豆腐的微观结构已经出现疏松现象,鱼糜凝胶的三维网状结构紧密程度下降,空隙大于CT0和CT30组,这与岳开华等[8]
研究即食鱼糜制品贮藏60 d后的变化一致。CT90组鱼豆腐的三维空间结构空隙明显变大,这与凝胶强度测定结果一致,说明CG鱼糜在60~90 d冻藏期间部分肌原纤维蛋白遭到破坏,鱼糜蛋白的三维空间结构紧密程度下降明显,从而影响鱼豆腐的微观结构。从微观结构来看,CG鱼糜最佳冻藏时间为0~30 d,冻藏30~60 d在可接受范围内,冻藏90 d制成的鱼豆腐出现明显品质劣变。
3 结 论
通过对鱼豆腐感官品质、持水力、凝胶特性、水分迁移情况、微观结构等进行测定,研究CG鱼糜冻藏时间对鱼豆腐品质特性的影响。结果表明:CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐感官品质、白度、持水力、T22、P22和凝胶强度差异不显著,且均显著高于CT60和CT90组;CT60和CT90组鱼豆腐的持水力、T22和P22差异显著(P<0.05);从微观结构看,CT0和CT30组鱼豆腐三维空間网络结构结合紧密、空隙小,CT60组鱼豆腐的微观结构已经出现疏松现象,CT90组鱼豆腐的三维空间结构空隙明显变大。由以上结果可得出,CG鱼糜冻藏30 d时制成的鱼豆腐品质特性最佳,以冻藏60 d的CG鱼糜为原料制成的鱼豆腐品质特性在可接受范围内,冻藏90 d的CG鱼糜制成的鱼豆腐品质特性出现明显劣变。
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收稿日期:2019-12-31
基金项目:天津市水产产业技术体系创新团队项目(ITTFRS2017020);
天津市科委科技计划项目(17PTSYJC00140;17ZXYENC00080)
第一作者简介:宁云霞(1991—)(ORCID: 0000-0001-9440-3764),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为水产品加工品质与安全。
E-mail: [email protected]
通信作者简介:李玲(1982—)(ORCID: 0000-0003-2505-2045),女,副教授,博士,研究方向为果蔬采后生理与分子生物学、食品质量与安全。E-mail: [email protected]