中国石油系统的改革大体分为三个阶段。 第一阶段为１９７８年底到１９８９年初，为改革的起步和探索阶段。在此期间，按照国家提出的扩大企业经营自主权，所有权和经营权适当分离，企业实行自主经营、自负盈亏等改革思路，主要进行了各种形式的承包制和利润留成，层层下放了企 The reform of the petroleum system in China is roughly divided into three stages. The first stage is from the end of 1978 to the beginning of 1989, which is the start and exploration stage of the reform. During this period, in accordance with the country’s decision to expand the autonomy of business operations, ownership and management rights were appropriately separated, and the company implemented reforms such as independent management and self-financing, mainly carrying out various forms of contracting and profit retention, and decentralizing