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定语从句在句中相当于一个形容词，起“定语”的作用，修饰说明名词､代词或主句全部内容;通常在被修饰的词语(即“先行词”)之后，由“关系词”引导。要做好定语从句有关试题，就必须理解透“关系词”具有的三种功能:(1)引导一个定语从句(“在从句前头”);(2)指代或替代“先行词”;(3)在定语从句中充当成分。“关系词”依其在定语从句中(不是主句)的功能，又分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”两种。定语从句的高考命题常基于上述三点来进行。
命题角度一
正确区分关系代词
从上表中可看出，that引出的定语从句功能强，除不能作定语(用whose)外，其他几个功能都可用that。但命题角度主要从that与which指物时的区别为重点进行命题。
[解题技巧]
1. 关系代词that不能换which的几种情况:
(1)先行词是不定代词all， much， little， anything， everything， nothing， something等时。如:
All (that) we have to do is to practise every day.
每天我们不得不做的事情就是练习。
(2)先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。如:
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
我学过的第一课将永远都不会被忘记。
(3)先行词被all， any， some， much， little， any等修饰时。如:
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
我已经把你给我的整本书都读完了。
(4)先行词被very或only修饰时。如:
This is the very pen (that) I am looking for.
这正是我在寻找的钢笔。
(5)先行词是系动词be后面的表语， 或者关系代词本身是从句的表语时。如:
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
他再也不是他过去的样子了。
(6)当先行词既有人又有物时。如:
They talked of the things and persons (that) they remembered.
他们谈到了他们(过去)所记得的人和事。
2. 在下列情况下， 定语从句中的关系代词不能用that， 只能用which:
(1)当先行词本身是that时。如:
I told them a story last night， and that which had been made up by me was very interesting.
昨天晚上我给他们讲了一个由我编的很有趣的故事。
(2)当关系代词前面有介词时。如:
Here is the book about which I told you yesterday.
这就是我昨天给你说起过的那本书。
命题角度之二
正确区分关系代词(that或which)与关系副词when(表时间)､where(表地点)､why(表原因)。
[解题技巧]
重点根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，决不能因先行词是时间名词就用when，地点名词就用where，先行词是reason就用why来确定。如:
I’ll never forget the days when we worked together. (先行词the days在定语从句中作时间状语)
我将永远都不会忘记我们一起工作过的那些日子。
I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent together. (先行词the days在定语从句中作宾语)
我将永远都不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。
命题角度之三
当先行词在定语从句中作主语时， 应注意主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题。
[解题技巧]
关系代词who(人)， which(物)， that(人或物)在定语从句中作主语时， 一定要与先行词保持主谓一致及语态一致，绝不能与主句的主语保持一致。如:
He is one of the students who have passed the English exam. (先行词是the students， 故用have)
他是英语考试及格的学生中的一个。
He is the one of the students who has passed the English exam.(先行词是the one， 故用has)
他是英语考试唯一及格的学生。
命题角度之四
定语从句中不能再重复与先行词有关的代词或副词。
[解题技巧]
必须牢记定语从句中关系词已经替代先行词并且在定语从句中已经充当其成分，故不能再用相关的代词或副词。如:
这是我用英语写的第一篇作文。
(正)This is the first composition that I’ve written in English.
(误)This is the first composition that I’ve written it in English.
命题角度之五
对介词后接关系代词而不接关系副词的考查;对介词后是用which还是whom的考查;对介词如何确定的考查。
[解题技巧]
既然介词后接宾语，自然用(关系)代词，而不用副词(因副词常用作状语，不作宾语);先行词指物，用“介词+which”，指人用“介词+whom”，且两个关系代词均不可省;介词的选取必须遵循两个原则:(1)视定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配而定。(2)根据先行词的特殊用法而定。如:
The woman to whom we spoke is from the United States of America. (speak to sb.)
我们和她说话的那个妇女是美国人。
His glasses， without which he was like a blind man， fell to the ground and broke. (由句意决定)
他的眼镜，没有它他就像是一个盲人，掉在了地上并且打碎了。
命题角度之六
关系代词as的考查。
[解题技巧]
关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such，the same等修饰的先行词;as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，替代从句后整个主句;也可置于句尾替代从句前整个主句，此时不用that，也不用which。如:
As is reported in the newspaper， talks between the two countries are making progress.
正如报纸上所报道的那样， 两国之间的会谈进展良好。
[巩固练习]
1. I can still remember the sitting?鄄room _________ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _________ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
3. I shall never forget those days _________ I lived in the country with the farmers， _________ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which
C. which; that D. when; who
4. I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. (改错)
5. I live in Beijing， where is the capital of China. (改错)
6. I don’t know the reason _________ you were absent from the meeting， but I’m sure that someone will tell me the reason _________ you haven’t told me.
A. why; that B. that; why
C. because; which D. of which; that
7. It was about 600 years ago _________ the first clock with a face and an hour was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
8. The famous basketball star _________ tried to make a comeback attracted a lot of attention.
A. where B. when C. which D. who
9.(1)Is this museum _________ you visited last year?
(2)Is this the museum _________ you visited last year?
A.whereB. thatC. the oneD. one
10.(1)It was 5:00 _________ you finished the work.
(2)It was at 5:00 _________ you finished the work.
A.which B. why C. that D. when
[参考答案]
1. D2. B3. B4. when改为that/which或去掉when5. where改为which
6. A7. A8. D9. (1)C (2)B10. (1)D (2)C
[解析]
例1､2中，定语从句缺少地点状语，分别修饰定语从句中的谓语不及物动词sit， grew up，故用where。
例3中，先行词为years，指时间，在第一个定语从句中作时间状语，修饰不及物动词lived，故用when。
例4､5为改错题，尽管先行词为时间名词evenings，地点名词Beijing，但是二者分别在定语从句中作spent的宾语和定语从句的主语，故例4应用关系代词which或that，但例5只能用which引导非限制性定语从句。
例6第一空后定语从句缺原因状语(for...reason)，故可用why(或for which)，第二空后定语从句中tell缺直接宾语，故用that或which。
例7前面it was是关键，不能因600 years ago表时间就选when，此题考的是强调句型，故用that。
例8定语从句中缺主语，故用关系代词who或that。
例9(1)中缺先行词，故答案为the one(that)，(2)中先行词the museum在定语从句中作谓语visited的宾语，故用that或which或省略。
例10(1)从句为定语从句，先行词5:00在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when，(2)为强调句型，故用that。判断方法:去掉it was...that，句子应完整无缺。
编辑/梁宇清
命题角度一
正确区分关系代词
从上表中可看出，that引出的定语从句功能强，除不能作定语(用whose)外，其他几个功能都可用that。但命题角度主要从that与which指物时的区别为重点进行命题。
[解题技巧]
1. 关系代词that不能换which的几种情况:
(1)先行词是不定代词all， much， little， anything， everything， nothing， something等时。如:
All (that) we have to do is to practise every day.
每天我们不得不做的事情就是练习。
(2)先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。如:
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
我学过的第一课将永远都不会被忘记。
(3)先行词被all， any， some， much， little， any等修饰时。如:
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
我已经把你给我的整本书都读完了。
(4)先行词被very或only修饰时。如:
This is the very pen (that) I am looking for.
这正是我在寻找的钢笔。
(5)先行词是系动词be后面的表语， 或者关系代词本身是从句的表语时。如:
He is no longer the man that he used to be.
他再也不是他过去的样子了。
(6)当先行词既有人又有物时。如:
They talked of the things and persons (that) they remembered.
他们谈到了他们(过去)所记得的人和事。
2. 在下列情况下， 定语从句中的关系代词不能用that， 只能用which:
(1)当先行词本身是that时。如:
I told them a story last night， and that which had been made up by me was very interesting.
昨天晚上我给他们讲了一个由我编的很有趣的故事。
(2)当关系代词前面有介词时。如:
Here is the book about which I told you yesterday.
这就是我昨天给你说起过的那本书。
命题角度之二
正确区分关系代词(that或which)与关系副词when(表时间)､where(表地点)､why(表原因)。
[解题技巧]
重点根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词，决不能因先行词是时间名词就用when，地点名词就用where，先行词是reason就用why来确定。如:
I’ll never forget the days when we worked together. (先行词the days在定语从句中作时间状语)
我将永远都不会忘记我们一起工作过的那些日子。
I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent together. (先行词the days在定语从句中作宾语)
我将永远都不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。
命题角度之三
当先行词在定语从句中作主语时， 应注意主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题。
[解题技巧]
关系代词who(人)， which(物)， that(人或物)在定语从句中作主语时， 一定要与先行词保持主谓一致及语态一致，绝不能与主句的主语保持一致。如:
He is one of the students who have passed the English exam. (先行词是the students， 故用have)
他是英语考试及格的学生中的一个。
He is the one of the students who has passed the English exam.(先行词是the one， 故用has)
他是英语考试唯一及格的学生。
命题角度之四
定语从句中不能再重复与先行词有关的代词或副词。
[解题技巧]
必须牢记定语从句中关系词已经替代先行词并且在定语从句中已经充当其成分，故不能再用相关的代词或副词。如:
这是我用英语写的第一篇作文。
(正)This is the first composition that I’ve written in English.
(误)This is the first composition that I’ve written it in English.
命题角度之五
对介词后接关系代词而不接关系副词的考查;对介词后是用which还是whom的考查;对介词如何确定的考查。
[解题技巧]
既然介词后接宾语，自然用(关系)代词，而不用副词(因副词常用作状语，不作宾语);先行词指物，用“介词+which”，指人用“介词+whom”，且两个关系代词均不可省;介词的选取必须遵循两个原则:(1)视定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配而定。(2)根据先行词的特殊用法而定。如:
The woman to whom we spoke is from the United States of America. (speak to sb.)
我们和她说话的那个妇女是美国人。
His glasses， without which he was like a blind man， fell to the ground and broke. (由句意决定)
他的眼镜，没有它他就像是一个盲人，掉在了地上并且打碎了。
命题角度之六
关系代词as的考查。
[解题技巧]
关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such，the same等修饰的先行词;as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，替代从句后整个主句;也可置于句尾替代从句前整个主句，此时不用that，也不用which。如:
As is reported in the newspaper， talks between the two countries are making progress.
正如报纸上所报道的那样， 两国之间的会谈进展良好。
[巩固练习]
1. I can still remember the sitting?鄄room _________ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _________ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when
3. I shall never forget those days _________ I lived in the country with the farmers， _________ has a great effect on my life.
A. that; which B. when; which
C. which; that D. when; who
4. I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. (改错)
5. I live in Beijing， where is the capital of China. (改错)
6. I don’t know the reason _________ you were absent from the meeting， but I’m sure that someone will tell me the reason _________ you haven’t told me.
A. why; that B. that; why
C. because; which D. of which; that
7. It was about 600 years ago _________ the first clock with a face and an hour was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
8. The famous basketball star _________ tried to make a comeback attracted a lot of attention.
A. where B. when C. which D. who
9.(1)Is this museum _________ you visited last year?
(2)Is this the museum _________ you visited last year?
A.whereB. thatC. the oneD. one
10.(1)It was 5:00 _________ you finished the work.
(2)It was at 5:00 _________ you finished the work.
A.which B. why C. that D. when
[参考答案]
1. D2. B3. B4. when改为that/which或去掉when5. where改为which
6. A7. A8. D9. (1)C (2)B10. (1)D (2)C
[解析]
例1､2中，定语从句缺少地点状语，分别修饰定语从句中的谓语不及物动词sit， grew up，故用where。
例3中，先行词为years，指时间，在第一个定语从句中作时间状语，修饰不及物动词lived，故用when。
例4､5为改错题，尽管先行词为时间名词evenings，地点名词Beijing，但是二者分别在定语从句中作spent的宾语和定语从句的主语，故例4应用关系代词which或that，但例5只能用which引导非限制性定语从句。
例6第一空后定语从句缺原因状语(for...reason)，故可用why(或for which)，第二空后定语从句中tell缺直接宾语，故用that或which。
例7前面it was是关键，不能因600 years ago表时间就选when，此题考的是强调句型，故用that。
例8定语从句中缺主语，故用关系代词who或that。
例9(1)中缺先行词，故答案为the one(that)，(2)中先行词the museum在定语从句中作谓语visited的宾语，故用that或which或省略。
例10(1)从句为定语从句，先行词5:00在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when，(2)为强调句型，故用that。判断方法:去掉it was...that，句子应完整无缺。
编辑/梁宇清