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断定有些人必须做某些事情和断定他們有责任来做这些事情是两种不同的断言。前者陈述一种行为的信念和动机的心理方面,即如果不如此做就必然会有伤害或其他不愉快的結果落到他身上。后者的一个基本特征则是重大的社会压力,这压力有具有根本规则性质的法律形式,有作为派生规则、只采取一种普遍分散的敌对性或批評性反应但缺乏制裁的道德形式。另两个相联系的特征,其一是由这一强大的社会压力所支持的一些规则被认为是重要的、是維护社会生活所必需的,特别是限制暴力之自由行使的规则是由责任的观念来表达其意义;其二是这些规则所要求奉行的行为或許在有利于其他人时,是和负有义务的人所要想做的有冲突的。因此責任或义务突出地意味着含有牺牲或否定的意义。责任是对负有义务的人的一种約束,社会压力作为束缚那些有责任的人的一种鎖鏈而出现,这鎖鏈的另一端为坚持履行职务或执行刑罰的团体或他們的官方代表人(刑法)或有权利也有責任的私人(民法)所握住。在任何时刻,依靠着法律规则或者非法律规则来維持的任何社会的生活,总是存在于两种人的紧張关系中:一方面是那些接受规则的人;另一方面有一些人拒绝遵守规则。
There are two different kinds of assertion that asserts that some people must do something and conclude that they have a responsibility to do these things. The former states the psychological aspects of a belief in behavior and motivation, that if it fails to do so, there must be hurt or other unpleasant consequences on him. One of the basic characteristics of the latter is major social pressure, which has a legal form of fundamental nature, an ethical form as a derived rule, a mere generalization of hostile or critical reactions, and a lack of sanctions. The other two related features are the following: First, some rules supported by this formidable social pressure are regarded as important and necessary for the maintenance of social life. In particular, the rule that restricts the free exercise of violence is determined by responsibility The second is that what these rules require to do may, in the case of others, be in conflict with what one is obligated to do. So responsibility or obligation prominently means containing sacrifice or negation. Responsibility is a constraint on those who are obligated, and social pressure emerges as a chain that binds those who are responsible, at the other end of the chain to groups or their official representatives who persist in performing their duties or perform penalties ( Criminal law) or private (civil law) authorities that have the right and the responsibility to do so. At any moment, the life of any society, which depends on legal rules or non-legal rules, always exists in the tension between two kinds of people: those who accept the rules on the one hand, and others who refuse to comply on the other hand rule.