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人类社会工业化进程所引致的社会问题导致了一系列公共政策的出台。而所有这些政策的目标都旨在使城市化过程中不断扩大的不平等和潜在的社会不满等社会问题能变得缓和,也即这些政策都致力于建设这样的一个国民共同体,这个国民共同体的创建需通过民主化、民族主义和社会福利三种不同策略的部署和配合。第二次世界大战后,福利国家得到了进一步巩固,它在提高劳工生活水平的同时,也使资本主义制度更加稳定。欧洲国家在战后引入社会福利制度的动力之一是美国式的高工资已不可能在欧洲复制。社会福利政策由此成为一种必要的平衡机制,使得企业家能通过控制人工成本来展开国际竞争。基于社会团结原则的社会保险是社会福利支出资金的重要来源。社会保险被视为就业的一种补贴而受广大雇主的欢迎。当前福利国家的危机在某种程度上是由于资本主义国家的繁荣所致。繁荣意味着人们的寿命更长,活得更久,花费也更多。与福利国家制度建立之初相比,人们依赖他们退休金来生活的时间更长了。人口结构的老龄化正是欧洲福利国家面临的最艰难的问题之一。
The social problems caused by the industrialization of human society led to the introduction of a series of public policies. All of these policies aim to ease the social problems of growing inequalities and potential social discontent in urbanization, that is, they are committed to building a national community that The creation needs to be deployed and coordinated through three different strategies: democratization, nationalism and social welfare. After the Second World War, the welfare state was further consolidated. While it improved labor standards, it also made the capitalist system more stable. One of the motivations for European countries to introduce a social welfare system after the war is that American-style high wages have not been replicable in Europe. As a result, social welfare policies have become a necessary balancing mechanism that enables entrepreneurs to start international competition by controlling labor costs. Social insurance based on the principle of social solidarity is an important source of social welfare expenditure funds. Social insurance is seen as a subsidy for employment and welcomed by employers. The crisis in the current welfare state is due in part to the prosperity of the capitalist countries. Prosperity means people live longer, live longer and spend more. People rely on their retirement benefits to live longer than they did when the welfare state system was established. The aging of the demographic structure is one of the most difficult problems facing European welfare states.