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根据历年高考英语考试形式与试卷结构的要求,无论含听力试卷还是不含听力试卷,语法和词汇知识、完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错、书面表达都是必不可少的,而根据句子结构正确使用标点符号可以使你在做上述试题时的速度及准确率事半功倍。
一、英语标点主要有以下几种
句点(Full Stop / Period,“.”)
问号(Question Mark,“?”)
感叹号(Exclamation Mark,“!”)
逗点(Comma,“,”)
冒号(Colon,“:”)
分号(Semicolon,“;”)
连字符(Hyphen,“-”)
连接号(En Dash,“–”)
破折号(Em Dash,“—”)
括号(Parentheses,小括号“()”;中括号“[]”;大括号“{}”)
引号(Quotation Marks,双引号“"”;单引号“‘”)
缩写及所有格符号(Apostrophe,“’”)
长期以来在英语教学和学习过程中对标点符号知识的理解能力,语言正确使用能力的重要性认识不足导致许多学生只知道一个句子,一段话,甚至整篇文章都是从头“一逗”到尾。写英文时用逗号代替句号、分号、冒号或破折号叫“逗号错”,这是中国学生所要避免的。需要注意的是:一个完整的句子以大写字母开始,以句号结束。标点符号用不好,在做选择题时会影响答案的选择,在写作时会引起句意的变化,造成内容含糊不清。能否正确理解和运用标点至关重要。
1.逗号(Comma“,”) (1)逗号用于分隔一系列的简单内容,如 I will go to Shanghai,Tianjin,and Beijing.(2)逗号用于连接两个较长的独立子句,而且每个句子的主语不同。(3)逗号用于关联的子句之间,如 Since you are a student, please work hard.(4)逗号用于直接引用的句子之前,如 He said, “Let’s go home.”(如果句中含有间接引用就不需要逗点,如 He said they would go home. )
2.句号(Period/Full stop“.”) 句号主要用于当一句话完全结束时。I have finished my homework.
3.分号(Semicolon“;”),与中文一样,分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus, however, therefore一起使用(放在这些词语之前)。如I know what to do; however, I don’t want to do it.
4. 破折号(Dash“—”)在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释,如 They’re also paid $600 for their work—anotherway this program differsfrom others, which often charge a free.
5.连字符(Hyphen“-”)
(1)连字号主要用于构成复合词。构成某些复合数字(在英文写作中,100以下的数字应该用英文单词写出来,不可用阿拉伯数字代替),如thirty-two。
(2)有一类常考查的形容词是数字与量度单位, 时间当连成一个形容词, 即:数词-名词-形容词,如:a three-day trip ,a ten-year-old boy,在此形容词中,名词必须用单数,此形容词不能作表语,只能作定语。
(3)用于一个词的一部分要移行, 一般按单词音节断开加连字号(例如:ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py...),或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。
二、根据句子的结构,英语句子可分为以下几种
(一)简单句
1. 由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)组成的句子,且这个句子成分都是由单词或短语表示的,句末要用句号。句号(Full Stop / Period“.”)
例如:
I like English very much.
Tom and John went home.
He jumped out of bed, dressed hurriedly and ran downstairs.
2.简单句的五种基本句型:主语+不及物动词(S+Vi);主语+连系动词+表语(S+L+P);主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O);主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO);主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+Vt+O+C);There be结构,这些简单句末都要用句号。
(二)并列句
基本结构:简单句+并列连词+简单句,并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来,也可以只用分号(;)连接起来。例如:
They failed many times,they did not lose heart.
注意:上面句子中画线的部分是两个不同的主语,而逗号前后的句子都是完整的简单句。如两个句子之间用逗号隔开,没有连词,这违反了英文规定,即一个句子只能有一套主干,上句必须将逗号改为分号,或在第一个句子前加连词though,或在第二个句子前加but,构成并列句。例如:
The wind blew hard;the snow fell heavily.
(三)复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构,但主句是句子的主体,从句是全句的一个成分,并且要从属于主句,不能独立存在。主句与从句之间要有连词,有从属连词:that,whether,if,as if;连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which;连接副词:when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far。
三、下面浅析如何根据句子结构和标点作出快速准确的选择
标点符号在单项选择题中的应用
1.在非谓语动词中的运用
根据英语句子的基本结构,如果前后两个句子前部分或后半部分是一个完整的简单句,前后两部分逗号隔开,且没有连接词时其中一部分肯定为非谓语动词短语。如:
_________________,the workers decided to stopped working.
A. The storm drawing near
B. The storm is drawing near
C. The storm was drawing near
D. Since the storm drawing near
析:逗号后面是一个完整的句子,这说明逗号前面要么是从句,要么是短语。B、C可先排除;D项是从句,但时态不对,故选A。
The students came out from the classroom, each some new books under the their arms.
A. hasB.hadC.having D.to have
析:逗号后面没有并列连词或从属连词,这暗示空格处是非谓语动词。each having some news books under their arms 相当于each of whom had some news books under their arms 这一定语从句,故选C。
Near the club there was a garden,its owner _____under the tree playing bridge with his children.
A. Was seatedB.Was seating C.seated D.seating
析: 前后两部分被逗号隔开且没有连词,前部分是句子可知逗号后的部分不是一个从句,而是一个名词短语,那么空格处的动词不是用来作谓语的,这里seated是who was seated的省略形式,故选C。
_________________,so the young and beautiful girl dared not go home to face her strict parents at all.
A. Having lost her handbag
B. Her handbag having been lost
C. She had lost her handbag
D. Because she had lost her handbag
析:该句由so 引导表示因果关系的并列句,因此另一分句前不能再加连词,也就是说前一句应是一个完整的句子,所以D错误;用分词和独立主格结构做状语时所在句不可用连词引导,所以A、B错误。
_______ Mathilide had lost the necklace,pierre’s face turned white.
A. Hearing_________________B.Having heard
C. When hearingD.When he hearing
析:本题两部分用逗号连接,如无连接词前面部分必为短语,而后部分句子的主语为pierre’s face,是物不是人,如果前半句用非谓语动词,就不能保持主语逻辑一致的原则,所以选择D。
2.在非限制性定语从句中的运用
_______was known to all,William had broken his promise_______ he would never play computer games.
A.As;whichB.As;that
C.—;thatD.It;which
析:逗号隔开,前部分已是句子且缺主语,只能用as引导非限制性定语从句,如用it那么就是that引导的主语从句用it作形式主语,应为It was known to all that William had broke his promise that he would never play computer games.应选B。
He has made an other wonderful discovery,___________ of great importance to science.
A.I think it is B.of which I think it is
C.I think it was D.which I think is
析:句中的逗号之后没有连词,这显然是复合句的结构,把I think 作为插入语来看,那么这句话是这样的:He has made an other wonderful discovery,which(I think)is of great importance to science.which引导一个非限制性定语从句。应选D。
破折号在阅读理解猜测词意和句意中的运用:词意或句意的猜测是历届高考阅读理解中必不可少的题型,做题方法包括利用同位语定语从句举例,还有找到破折号后的解释,这是做阅读时直接找到准确答案的最有效的方法之一。
总之,只有根据句子结构掌握和利用好英语标点符号,才能做出快速正确的选择,写出完整正确的句子。
(责任编辑黄晓)
一、英语标点主要有以下几种
句点(Full Stop / Period,“.”)
问号(Question Mark,“?”)
感叹号(Exclamation Mark,“!”)
逗点(Comma,“,”)
冒号(Colon,“:”)
分号(Semicolon,“;”)
连字符(Hyphen,“-”)
连接号(En Dash,“–”)
破折号(Em Dash,“—”)
括号(Parentheses,小括号“()”;中括号“[]”;大括号“{}”)
引号(Quotation Marks,双引号“"”;单引号“‘”)
缩写及所有格符号(Apostrophe,“’”)
长期以来在英语教学和学习过程中对标点符号知识的理解能力,语言正确使用能力的重要性认识不足导致许多学生只知道一个句子,一段话,甚至整篇文章都是从头“一逗”到尾。写英文时用逗号代替句号、分号、冒号或破折号叫“逗号错”,这是中国学生所要避免的。需要注意的是:一个完整的句子以大写字母开始,以句号结束。标点符号用不好,在做选择题时会影响答案的选择,在写作时会引起句意的变化,造成内容含糊不清。能否正确理解和运用标点至关重要。
1.逗号(Comma“,”) (1)逗号用于分隔一系列的简单内容,如 I will go to Shanghai,Tianjin,and Beijing.(2)逗号用于连接两个较长的独立子句,而且每个句子的主语不同。(3)逗号用于关联的子句之间,如 Since you are a student, please work hard.(4)逗号用于直接引用的句子之前,如 He said, “Let’s go home.”(如果句中含有间接引用就不需要逗点,如 He said they would go home. )
2.句号(Period/Full stop“.”) 句号主要用于当一句话完全结束时。I have finished my homework.
3.分号(Semicolon“;”),与中文一样,分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus, however, therefore一起使用(放在这些词语之前)。如I know what to do; however, I don’t want to do it.
4. 破折号(Dash“—”)在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释,如 They’re also paid $600 for their work—anotherway this program differsfrom others, which often charge a free.
5.连字符(Hyphen“-”)
(1)连字号主要用于构成复合词。构成某些复合数字(在英文写作中,100以下的数字应该用英文单词写出来,不可用阿拉伯数字代替),如thirty-two。
(2)有一类常考查的形容词是数字与量度单位, 时间当连成一个形容词, 即:数词-名词-形容词,如:a three-day trip ,a ten-year-old boy,在此形容词中,名词必须用单数,此形容词不能作表语,只能作定语。
(3)用于一个词的一部分要移行, 一般按单词音节断开加连字号(例如:ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py...),或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。
二、根据句子的结构,英语句子可分为以下几种
(一)简单句
1. 由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)组成的句子,且这个句子成分都是由单词或短语表示的,句末要用句号。句号(Full Stop / Period“.”)
例如:
I like English very much.
Tom and John went home.
He jumped out of bed, dressed hurriedly and ran downstairs.
2.简单句的五种基本句型:主语+不及物动词(S+Vi);主语+连系动词+表语(S+L+P);主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O);主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO);主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+Vt+O+C);There be结构,这些简单句末都要用句号。
(二)并列句
基本结构:简单句+并列连词+简单句,并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来,也可以只用分号(;)连接起来。例如:
They failed many times,they did not lose heart.
注意:上面句子中画线的部分是两个不同的主语,而逗号前后的句子都是完整的简单句。如两个句子之间用逗号隔开,没有连词,这违反了英文规定,即一个句子只能有一套主干,上句必须将逗号改为分号,或在第一个句子前加连词though,或在第二个句子前加but,构成并列句。例如:
The wind blew hard;the snow fell heavily.
(三)复合句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构,但主句是句子的主体,从句是全句的一个成分,并且要从属于主句,不能独立存在。主句与从句之间要有连词,有从属连词:that,whether,if,as if;连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which;连接副词:when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far。
三、下面浅析如何根据句子结构和标点作出快速准确的选择
标点符号在单项选择题中的应用
1.在非谓语动词中的运用
根据英语句子的基本结构,如果前后两个句子前部分或后半部分是一个完整的简单句,前后两部分逗号隔开,且没有连接词时其中一部分肯定为非谓语动词短语。如:
_________________,the workers decided to stopped working.
A. The storm drawing near
B. The storm is drawing near
C. The storm was drawing near
D. Since the storm drawing near
析:逗号后面是一个完整的句子,这说明逗号前面要么是从句,要么是短语。B、C可先排除;D项是从句,但时态不对,故选A。
The students came out from the classroom, each some new books under the their arms.
A. hasB.hadC.having D.to have
析:逗号后面没有并列连词或从属连词,这暗示空格处是非谓语动词。each having some news books under their arms 相当于each of whom had some news books under their arms 这一定语从句,故选C。
Near the club there was a garden,its owner _____under the tree playing bridge with his children.
A. Was seatedB.Was seating C.seated D.seating
析: 前后两部分被逗号隔开且没有连词,前部分是句子可知逗号后的部分不是一个从句,而是一个名词短语,那么空格处的动词不是用来作谓语的,这里seated是who was seated的省略形式,故选C。
_________________,so the young and beautiful girl dared not go home to face her strict parents at all.
A. Having lost her handbag
B. Her handbag having been lost
C. She had lost her handbag
D. Because she had lost her handbag
析:该句由so 引导表示因果关系的并列句,因此另一分句前不能再加连词,也就是说前一句应是一个完整的句子,所以D错误;用分词和独立主格结构做状语时所在句不可用连词引导,所以A、B错误。
_______ Mathilide had lost the necklace,pierre’s face turned white.
A. Hearing_________________B.Having heard
C. When hearingD.When he hearing
析:本题两部分用逗号连接,如无连接词前面部分必为短语,而后部分句子的主语为pierre’s face,是物不是人,如果前半句用非谓语动词,就不能保持主语逻辑一致的原则,所以选择D。
2.在非限制性定语从句中的运用
_______was known to all,William had broken his promise_______ he would never play computer games.
A.As;whichB.As;that
C.—;thatD.It;which
析:逗号隔开,前部分已是句子且缺主语,只能用as引导非限制性定语从句,如用it那么就是that引导的主语从句用it作形式主语,应为It was known to all that William had broke his promise that he would never play computer games.应选B。
He has made an other wonderful discovery,___________ of great importance to science.
A.I think it is B.of which I think it is
C.I think it was D.which I think is
析:句中的逗号之后没有连词,这显然是复合句的结构,把I think 作为插入语来看,那么这句话是这样的:He has made an other wonderful discovery,which(I think)is of great importance to science.which引导一个非限制性定语从句。应选D。
破折号在阅读理解猜测词意和句意中的运用:词意或句意的猜测是历届高考阅读理解中必不可少的题型,做题方法包括利用同位语定语从句举例,还有找到破折号后的解释,这是做阅读时直接找到准确答案的最有效的方法之一。
总之,只有根据句子结构掌握和利用好英语标点符号,才能做出快速正确的选择,写出完整正确的句子。
(责任编辑黄晓)