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空间3D打印技术对航天器维护及深空探测具有重要意义。结合金属材料3D打印技术的特点及空间的微重力环境,从热源适应性、材料适应性、成形工艺适应性等方面探讨了金属空间3D打印所面临的困难。在此基础上,提出了空间3D打印宜选取电子束或激光为热源、丝材为原料的技术方案,并简述了目前国际上3D打印技术在微重力环境下金属材料制备方面的研究现状,分析了微重力条件下金属材料凝固时气孔等凝固缺陷的形成及元素偏析行为。围绕空间站建设和载人深空探测需求,讨论了金属材料空间3D打印在空间站自我修复及金属构件在轨制备等方面的应用前景。
Space 3D printing technology for spacecraft maintenance and deep space exploration is of great significance. Combining the characteristics of metal 3D printing technology and the space micro-gravity environment, the difficulties in 3D printing of metal space are discussed from the aspects of heat source adaptability, material adaptability and forming process adaptability. On this basis, the paper presents a technical proposal that the space 3D printing should choose the electron beam or the laser as the heat source and the wire as the raw material, and at the same time, the current research status of the 3D printing technology in the preparation of metallic materials under the microgravity environment is briefly described. The formation and element segregation behavior of solidification defects such as pores in the solidification of micro-gravity materials were analyzed. Focusing on the requirements of space station construction and manned deep space exploration, the application prospects of space 3D metal-metal self-repair in space station and in-orbit preparation of metal components are discussed.