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摘 要 定语从句是英语语法体系的重要组成部分,是高中英语学习的重难点。如何进行有效教学?本文结合自己的教学实践,谈论了显性和隐性教学的整合在定语从句中的应用。
关键词 定语从句 显性教学 隐性教学
中图分类号:G424 文献标识码:A
Attributive Clause - Integration of Explicit Teaching and Implicit Teaching
GUI Yuping
(School of Foreign Languages, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000;
Chizhou No. 6 Middle School, Chizhou, Anhui 247100)
Abstract Attributive clause is an important part of the English grammar system, is important and difficult to learn in high school English. How to make effective teaching? In this paper, the author aombined with his own teaching practice, talking about the integration of explicit and implicit teaching in the attributive clause.
Key words attributive clause; explicit teaching; implicit teaching
定语从句是英语语法体系的重要组成部分,也是中学阶段的重难点。然而现代汉语中没有定语从句,更是没有先行词、关系代词、关系副词以及后置定语这一说法,这给中国学生学习定语从句带来的挑战性就不言而喻了。下面,笔者结合自己的教学实践,就显性和隐性语法教学来谈谈对定语从句教学的一些体会。
1 显隐性语法教学
1.1 显性语法教学概念及必要性
显性语法教学是指通过学习语法规则来达到掌握语法的目的,侧重在教学中直接谈论语法规则,语法教学目的直接明显,强调的是教师一方的作用。在显性语法教学课堂上,首先要求教师呈现或描述语法结构或语言点,然后组织学生进行语法的句型练习,在学生通过模仿掌握了新句型的基础上,再要求学生自己运用某一有上下文关联的语言情境来练习新学的语法结构。显性法把英语语法看作一套知识体系,通过教师的系统讲授和学生有意识的学习操练达到掌握的目的。
从学习英语环境来看,显性法在语法学习中十分必要。华中师范大学北京研究院的鲁子问教授曾在教育部组织的新课程远程研修中做过这样的总结:英语在中国是一门外语而非第二语言,第二语言是在语言习得环境中学习,而外语是在语言学习环境中学习,主要是在课堂上学习。也就是说,由于我们缺乏习得英语的环境,所以必须通过掌握语法规则来指导自己理解语法系统的规律性和英语的特点。高中阶段的学生与小学和初中阶段的学生不同,高中生有了一定的分析能力,为他们讲解一定的语法规则,可以帮助他们更有效地掌握语言。
1.2 隐性语法教学概念及必要性
隐性语法教学是指在教学中避免直接谈论所学语法规则,主要通过情景让学生体验语言,通过对语言交际性运用归纳出语言规则,强调的是学生一方的作用。隐性教学法强调学生学习语法必须置身于有意义的可理解的语言环境中,才能尽可能自然地习得目标语语法。试比较以下两个相同的语句在不同的语境里的不同含义:
(A)What a day! Our plan for the weekend has been ruined.(=What a terrible day!)
(B)What a day! Let’s go for a picnic in the park.(=What a wonderful day!)
因此,隐性教学法符合语言本质意义,在培养学生语言运用能力上,运用隐性法比运用传统教学法要优越得多。
2 显隐性教学整合在定语从句中的应用
2.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
现代中学语文课本中已没有专门的章节系统介绍句子的基本成分,而这在定语从句的学习和分析中又非常重要,所以在接触定语从句的第一堂课,介绍句子的五种基本句型就显得尤其重要,这对学生的作文训练也很有帮助。通过合并两个简单句来导入定语从句:
●The trees are on the school campus. They have lost their leaves.
The trees which / that are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
●Students like the school news. The radio club broadcasts school news.
Students like the school news which / that the radio club broadcasts.
●We saw the student just now. he is the best runner in our school.
The student who / whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
●Next to him stands a girl. The girl’s name is Tina.
Next to him stands a girl whose name is Tina.
●Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy.
Jack is no longer a lazy boy that he used to be.
接下来用显性教学法来比较分析橙色单词在句中所作的成分,然后系统讲解常见关系代词有that,which,who,whom, whose,as等。That,which可用来指代物,在句中作主语,宾语或表语;指人可用that,who,whom,其中who既可以作主格也可以作宾格,whom只能作宾格;whose用来指代所有格;as作关系代词引导定语从句时,在从句中充当主语,宾语,或表语,代替主句中一个特定的词,既可以指人,也可以指物。例如: (1)Such girls as he knows are good at English.(2) I have got into the same trouble as he has.(3)As is known, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
2.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
The school is in Shenzhen. He studied in the school.
The school where he studied is in Shenzhen. 这就是以关系副词where引导的定语从句。where在句中作状语。牛津高中英语reading中有很多这样的句子,和学生一起找出来进行体会对比。如:
●The police searched the house where(=in which) the thief had stayed.
●This is not a family where(=in which) bad behavior goes unpunished.
●Do you remmeber the day when(=on which) we left you in charge?
●I don’t know the reason why(=for which) the house is so dirty.
引导学生归纳其特点,并详解引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why三个词。when常用于time,moment,day,season,year等时间后面;where用于place,house,city,country,world等地点后面;why用于reason后面。它们在从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语,因而关系副词可以用“介词+关系代词”来替换。
但并非所有表示时间,地点,原因的先行词后都用关系副词来引导。让学生辨析以下六个句子:
(1)I will never forget the day when I met her.
(2)I will never forget the day that /which I spent in the village last summer.
(3)This is the place where we lived for five years.
(4)This is the place that /which she liked best.
(5)I know the reason why she didn’t come yesterday.
(6)I can’t accept the reason that /which she explained to me.
例(1),(3),(5)中when、where、why都作状语,而例(2),(4),(6)中that /which分别作spent,liked,explained的宾语。这六个定语从句对先行词都限制作用。
2.3 限制性和非限制性定语从句
有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、 更明确,这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句。这类从句不能省略,否则句子的意义就不完整,
定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限定性定语从句,往往用逗号与主句隔开,除that之外,关系代词、副词都能引导,如:
●He missed the show, which was a great pity.
●We’ll put off the outing untli next month, when Amy feels better.
as 也可以引导非限定性定语从句代替整个主句,可置于主句之后或主句之前,而which引导的定语从句只能置于主句之后,不能置于主句之前,例如:
(1)He married her,which was natural.(2)He married her,as was natural.
(3)As was natural,he married her.
3 结语
综上所述,显性教学法与隐性教学法不是相互排斥的两个对立面,而是相互补充、相得益彰,适用于不同材料、不同对象、不同情景、不同阶段的两种并行不悖的外语教学法。
参考文献
[1] 韩爱红.浅淡高中英语语法教学[J].山东教育科研学科教学,2002(12):61.
[2] Zhong ganggao,Carl.Second Language Learning and the Teaching of Grammar[J].Education,2001(12):45-68.
[3] 尹枝萍,郝兴跃.明示语法教学与暗示语法教学讨论[J].云南师范大学学报,2005(2):119-123.
[4] 大学英语教学大纲(修订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999:2.
[5] 何宇丹.显性法和隐性法在英语语法教学中的应用[J].沈阳教育学院学报,2007.9(4).
[6] 高海英,戴曼纯.中国英语学生英语关系从句外置结构的习得一显性教学与隐性教学实证研究[J].外语教学与研究,2004(6).
[7] 薄冰英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,2007.
关键词 定语从句 显性教学 隐性教学
中图分类号:G424 文献标识码:A
Attributive Clause - Integration of Explicit Teaching and Implicit Teaching
GUI Yuping
(School of Foreign Languages, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000;
Chizhou No. 6 Middle School, Chizhou, Anhui 247100)
Abstract Attributive clause is an important part of the English grammar system, is important and difficult to learn in high school English. How to make effective teaching? In this paper, the author aombined with his own teaching practice, talking about the integration of explicit and implicit teaching in the attributive clause.
Key words attributive clause; explicit teaching; implicit teaching
定语从句是英语语法体系的重要组成部分,也是中学阶段的重难点。然而现代汉语中没有定语从句,更是没有先行词、关系代词、关系副词以及后置定语这一说法,这给中国学生学习定语从句带来的挑战性就不言而喻了。下面,笔者结合自己的教学实践,就显性和隐性语法教学来谈谈对定语从句教学的一些体会。
1 显隐性语法教学
1.1 显性语法教学概念及必要性
显性语法教学是指通过学习语法规则来达到掌握语法的目的,侧重在教学中直接谈论语法规则,语法教学目的直接明显,强调的是教师一方的作用。在显性语法教学课堂上,首先要求教师呈现或描述语法结构或语言点,然后组织学生进行语法的句型练习,在学生通过模仿掌握了新句型的基础上,再要求学生自己运用某一有上下文关联的语言情境来练习新学的语法结构。显性法把英语语法看作一套知识体系,通过教师的系统讲授和学生有意识的学习操练达到掌握的目的。
从学习英语环境来看,显性法在语法学习中十分必要。华中师范大学北京研究院的鲁子问教授曾在教育部组织的新课程远程研修中做过这样的总结:英语在中国是一门外语而非第二语言,第二语言是在语言习得环境中学习,而外语是在语言学习环境中学习,主要是在课堂上学习。也就是说,由于我们缺乏习得英语的环境,所以必须通过掌握语法规则来指导自己理解语法系统的规律性和英语的特点。高中阶段的学生与小学和初中阶段的学生不同,高中生有了一定的分析能力,为他们讲解一定的语法规则,可以帮助他们更有效地掌握语言。
1.2 隐性语法教学概念及必要性
隐性语法教学是指在教学中避免直接谈论所学语法规则,主要通过情景让学生体验语言,通过对语言交际性运用归纳出语言规则,强调的是学生一方的作用。隐性教学法强调学生学习语法必须置身于有意义的可理解的语言环境中,才能尽可能自然地习得目标语语法。试比较以下两个相同的语句在不同的语境里的不同含义:
(A)What a day! Our plan for the weekend has been ruined.(=What a terrible day!)
(B)What a day! Let’s go for a picnic in the park.(=What a wonderful day!)
因此,隐性教学法符合语言本质意义,在培养学生语言运用能力上,运用隐性法比运用传统教学法要优越得多。
2 显隐性教学整合在定语从句中的应用
2.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
现代中学语文课本中已没有专门的章节系统介绍句子的基本成分,而这在定语从句的学习和分析中又非常重要,所以在接触定语从句的第一堂课,介绍句子的五种基本句型就显得尤其重要,这对学生的作文训练也很有帮助。通过合并两个简单句来导入定语从句:
●The trees are on the school campus. They have lost their leaves.
The trees which / that are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
●Students like the school news. The radio club broadcasts school news.
Students like the school news which / that the radio club broadcasts.
●We saw the student just now. he is the best runner in our school.
The student who / whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
●Next to him stands a girl. The girl’s name is Tina.
Next to him stands a girl whose name is Tina.
●Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy.
Jack is no longer a lazy boy that he used to be.
接下来用显性教学法来比较分析橙色单词在句中所作的成分,然后系统讲解常见关系代词有that,which,who,whom, whose,as等。That,which可用来指代物,在句中作主语,宾语或表语;指人可用that,who,whom,其中who既可以作主格也可以作宾格,whom只能作宾格;whose用来指代所有格;as作关系代词引导定语从句时,在从句中充当主语,宾语,或表语,代替主句中一个特定的词,既可以指人,也可以指物。例如: (1)Such girls as he knows are good at English.(2) I have got into the same trouble as he has.(3)As is known, smoking is harmful to one’s health.
2.2 关系副词引导的定语从句
The school is in Shenzhen. He studied in the school.
The school where he studied is in Shenzhen. 这就是以关系副词where引导的定语从句。where在句中作状语。牛津高中英语reading中有很多这样的句子,和学生一起找出来进行体会对比。如:
●The police searched the house where(=in which) the thief had stayed.
●This is not a family where(=in which) bad behavior goes unpunished.
●Do you remmeber the day when(=on which) we left you in charge?
●I don’t know the reason why(=for which) the house is so dirty.
引导学生归纳其特点,并详解引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why三个词。when常用于time,moment,day,season,year等时间后面;where用于place,house,city,country,world等地点后面;why用于reason后面。它们在从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语,因而关系副词可以用“介词+关系代词”来替换。
但并非所有表示时间,地点,原因的先行词后都用关系副词来引导。让学生辨析以下六个句子:
(1)I will never forget the day when I met her.
(2)I will never forget the day that /which I spent in the village last summer.
(3)This is the place where we lived for five years.
(4)This is the place that /which she liked best.
(5)I know the reason why she didn’t come yesterday.
(6)I can’t accept the reason that /which she explained to me.
例(1),(3),(5)中when、where、why都作状语,而例(2),(4),(6)中that /which分别作spent,liked,explained的宾语。这六个定语从句对先行词都限制作用。
2.3 限制性和非限制性定语从句
有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、 更明确,这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句。这类从句不能省略,否则句子的意义就不完整,
定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限定性定语从句,往往用逗号与主句隔开,除that之外,关系代词、副词都能引导,如:
●He missed the show, which was a great pity.
●We’ll put off the outing untli next month, when Amy feels better.
as 也可以引导非限定性定语从句代替整个主句,可置于主句之后或主句之前,而which引导的定语从句只能置于主句之后,不能置于主句之前,例如:
(1)He married her,which was natural.(2)He married her,as was natural.
(3)As was natural,he married her.
3 结语
综上所述,显性教学法与隐性教学法不是相互排斥的两个对立面,而是相互补充、相得益彰,适用于不同材料、不同对象、不同情景、不同阶段的两种并行不悖的外语教学法。
参考文献
[1] 韩爱红.浅淡高中英语语法教学[J].山东教育科研学科教学,2002(12):61.
[2] Zhong ganggao,Carl.Second Language Learning and the Teaching of Grammar[J].Education,2001(12):45-68.
[3] 尹枝萍,郝兴跃.明示语法教学与暗示语法教学讨论[J].云南师范大学学报,2005(2):119-123.
[4] 大学英语教学大纲(修订本)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999:2.
[5] 何宇丹.显性法和隐性法在英语语法教学中的应用[J].沈阳教育学院学报,2007.9(4).
[6] 高海英,戴曼纯.中国英语学生英语关系从句外置结构的习得一显性教学与隐性教学实证研究[J].外语教学与研究,2004(6).
[7] 薄冰英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社,2007.