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规则是成套的,在一定条件下可以类推;例外是单个的或少量的,很难预测。过去对例外往往视而不见或故意绕开,不大重视这类语料的搜集和整理。现代语言学则把发现规律和研究例外视为相互补充、相反相成的事。特别是研究缺少历史文献的语言,“共时的不规则现象”往往蕴藏着丰富的语言史资料,对历史构拟可提供一些重要线索。本文从藏语的不规则读音和不对称分布的两个实例中说明今日之例外可能是昨日之通则,甲地之例外可能是乙地之通例。
The rules are unitary and can be deduced under certain conditions; the exceptions are single or small ones that are hard to predict. In the past, they often turned a blind eye or deliberately circumvented the exceptions and paid little attention to the collection and arrangement of such corpora. Modern linguistics regards the law of discovery and the exception of study as complementary and opposite things. In particular, the study of the language of the lack of historical documents, “co-temporal irregular phenomenon ” often contains a wealth of linguistic history information, history provides some important clues. In this paper, two examples of irregular pronunciations and asymmetrical distribution of Tibetan language illustrate that today’s exception may be the general rule of yesterday. An exception to “A” may be a general rule.