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近20年来,人类染色体的研究获得了迅速发展,染色体技术广泛应用于临床实践,现已成为深入研究许多遗传性疾病、肿瘤与白血病等方面的重要方法。本文仅就染色体的一般知识和临床应用作些简要的介绍。正常人的染色体一、染色体的形态结构在细胞分裂中期,染色体的形态特征最为典型,所以染色体的研究,都采用中期分裂相进行分析和观察。中期的每一条染色体由两条染色单体组成,中间借一个着丝点彼此相联。由着丝点伸向两端的是染色体的臂,一般分为短臂(P)和长臂(q)。按着丝点的位置,可把染色体分为3种类型(图1)。
In the recent 20 years, the research on human chromosome has gained rapid development. Chromosome technology has been widely used in clinical practice and has become an important method for further study of many genetic diseases, tumors and leukemias. This article only on the general knowledge of chromosomes and clinical applications for some brief introduction. Normal chromosomes, chromosomal morphological structure In the metaphase cell division, the most typical morphological characteristics of chromosomes, chromosome research, the use of metaphase split phase analysis and observation. Each metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids, linked by a centromere in the middle. From the centromere extends to both ends of the chromosome arm, generally divided into short arm (P) and long arm (q). According to the location of the filaments, the chromosomes can be divided into three types (Figure 1).