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本文对在西藏阿里札达县皮央·东嘎遗址发现的前佛教时期的居住遗址的有关情况作了初步介绍。此遗址在1999年试掘后,2001年作了正式发掘,出土的碳十四材料表明,其年代在距今2065±65年左右。尽管遗址为后代的佛教建筑破坏,但可以看出可能是一个至少有十座明显的建筑遗迹构成的小村落。不少遗迹埋藏在深浅不一的断壁残垣之下,但从表面上仍可探察出这些墙基的走向。房屋的形制一般为长方形,而房间的数量变化却很大,有的结构很简单,仅有一个单间和附属设施,而最大的房屋却有若干单间。虽然目前对于导致这种多样化的原因还不甚明了,但可能与家庭规模或构成大小、家庭成员年龄差别以及财富的多寡有联系。尽管如此,在结构特征和布置上,仍表现出一定的共同性,比如每一座建筑的角落总有一处用石头围成的可能为火塘的设施;另外,在建筑的某一角落,有一处用石头或石板垒砌起来的可能为储藏仓的部分。诸如此类的特征,再加上我们所发现的陶片特征都相同,可以推断丁冬遗址所代表的是一种单一的文化传统,而没有发生过不同族群的更替。不同规模的建筑所出土的遗物在数量上有较大的差别,结构复杂的房子里出土较多的陶片甚至包括一定数量的砾石石器。遗址中最大的一间建筑包括很多小隔间,在它西边的隔间里有一块倒伏在地的石柱,可以看出它最初是置于一个岩石围成的基座中的。这块石柱高大约两米,取材于当地。尽管在它上面没有任何图像和文字材料,但它的形状无疑表达了生殖崇拜的意义。与此相仿的一块石柱发现于遗址的东缘,也是倒伏在一个岩石垒成的圈中,在周围我们发现了炭化的大麦和蔬菜种子。这块石柱无疑是遗址中曾经具有宗教礼仪用途的,不过具体的功能我们无从得知。与之相似的具有生殖崇拜意义的石柱在西藏西部和整个喜马拉雅周边地区都很常见,但在一个真正的早期居住遗址中发现这还是第一次。本文从考古学的角度对这一文化类型作出可能的探讨。
This article gives an introduction to the situation of the dwelling sites in the pre-Buddhist period found in the site of Piyang Dongga in Ali Zhada County, Tibet. After excavation in 1999, this site was formally excavated in 2001. The carbon-14 material excavated indicates that it was dated 2065 ± 65 years ago. Although the ruins destroyed the Buddhist buildings of future generations, it can be seen that it may be a small village with at least ten distinct architectural relics. Many ruins buried in the depths of the ruins, but on the surface can still detect the direction of these wall base. The shape of the house is generally rectangular, and the number of rooms vary widely, some simple structure, only a single room and ancillary facilities, while the largest house has a number of single rooms. Although the reasons for this diversification so far are unclear, they may be related to the size or composition of families, the age differences of family members, and the amount of wealth. In spite of this, structural features and arrangements still show some commonalities. For example, there is always a stone-encircled firepit-like facility in the corner of every building. In addition, in one corner of the building, The stone or slab may be a part of a storage bin. Such characteristics, together with the same pottery features we have found, suggest that the Dingdong site represented a single cultural tradition, with no replacement of different ethnic groups. Different sizes of buildings unearthed artifacts in the number of large differences in the complex structure of the house unearthed more pottery and even include a certain amount of gravel stone. The largest building in the site consists of many cubicles with a lodging pillar in the compartment to the west of it. It can be seen that it was originally placed in a rocky pedestal. This stone column about two meters high, based on the local. Although it does not have any image or textual material on it, its shape undoubtedly expresses the meaning of reproductive worship. A stone column similar to this was found on the eastern edge of the site and was lodging in a rocky enclave, around which we found carbonized barley and vegetable seeds. This pillar of stone is undoubtedly the sites used to have religious ceremonies, but we do not know the specific function. A similarly reproductive worship of stone pillars is common in western Tibet and the entire Himalayas, but this is the first time it was found in a true early residential site. This article makes a possible exploration of this type of culture from the perspective of archeology.