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Abstract This study was conducted to provide reference for rational fertilization and agrochemical application in cucumber plantation， and relieve the problem of environmental pollution and vegetable agrochemical residues. The effects of different combinations of fertilization and agrochemical application on cucumber yield and cost input were investigated. Four treatments were conducted， including T1 （conventional fertilization+ conventional agrochemical application， CK）， T2 （conventional fertilization + recommended agrochemical application）， T3 （recommended fertilization +conventional agrochemical application） and T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application）. The results showed that T4 had fewer kinds of fertilizers and agrochemicals than that of T1， and had a yield increasing effect on cucumber， and the yield increase was 7 003.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 19.25%； and it also had obvious cost-saving and benefit-increasing effects， specifically， the cost was saved by 10 941 yuan/hm2 and the benefit was increased by 31 951.5 yuan/hm2. The results of this experiment were satisfactory， and higher benefit was obtained with lower input. This study will provide reference for cucumber planter to choose fertilizers and agrochemicals， and lays a foundation for alleviating the ecological soil problems.
Key words Cucumber； Fertilization and agrochemical application； Cost-effectiveness
Cucumber is one of the main vegetable varieties in China， which is mainly cultured in open field and has the characteristics of high yield and large demand for fertilizer[1]. The selection of fertilizer kinds and ratio is of great significance. Organic acids and soluble solids are important indices for the overall evaluation of fruit quality[2-5]； total phenols are compounds found in plant foods with the potential of promoting health[4]； and flavonoids have special anticancer effect on human， which not only could prevent spread of cancer cells， but also could inhibit their growth[6]. At present， in the production process of cucumber， the problem of blind fertilization is very conspicuous， which is mainly reflected by too-high application rate of nitrogen fertilizer and seriously deficiency of potassium fertilizer， which not only result in waste of nitrogen fertilizer and adverse effect in improving yield， but also give rise to soil deterioration and environment pollution[7]. At present， many scholars have done many studies on kinds and levels of fertilizers applied to cucumber， and they deem that rational ratio of nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer could significantly improve growth of cucumber and improve its yield and quality[8]. Wang et al.[9] studied the effects of topdressing of different nitrogen fertilizers on Capsicum annuum yield and quality. Wang et al.[10] studied the fertilization technique for production of green cucumber and corresponding benefit， and found that the most effective fertilization methods were fermented organic fertilizer method and root-irrigation method. Cai et al.[11] compared different computing methods of fertilizing amount for cucumber， and the results showed that fertilization ratio method was better for the calculation of fertilizing amount for cucumber. Through the application of different kinds of fertilizers， the relationship between fertilizing amount and cucumber growth and development and the effects on quality and yield were studied[12]， aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the selection of suitable fertilizers for cucumber plantation and improvement of cucumber yield and quality. However， cucumber is a kind of vegetable crop susceptible to various diseases and pests， especially， greenhouse cultivation prolongs the growth cycle of cucumber， and during the growth season longer than 100 d， in order to ensure normal production， the spraying of agrochemicals is inevitable， especially for winter greenhouse cucumber[13]. The increase of application times and application rate of agrochemicals results in environmental pollution and severe excessive pesticide residues. Therefore， the study on fertilization and application of agrochemicals for cucumber could provide reference for the selection of fertilizers and agrochemicals， so as to alleviate increasingly serious farmland soil ecological environment. Materials and Methods
Experimental materials
The tested cucumber variety was ‘Beihaidao’. Raising of seedlings was started on February 20， 2016， and field plantation was performed on March 10， 2016.
Experimental methods
The experiment was carried out in the rice-vegetable rotation area in Wujiazhai Village， Yangjie Township， Kaiyuan City. Four treatments were conducted， including T1 （conventional fertilization + conventional agrochemical application， CK）， T2 （conventional fertilization + recommended agrochemical application）， T3 （recommended fertilization + conventional agrochemical application） and T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application）. Each treatment had three replicates， and there were 12 plots in total. Each plot had an area of 59.12 m2， and the specific fertilizer and agent names are shown in Table 1.
The topdressing and agrochemical application time was the same， and the specific time and application rate are shown in Table 2.
Harvest was started on April 23， 2016， and completed on May 11， 2016. Each treatment was harvested separately， for yield determination. Economic benefit was calculated according to actual cost.
Results and Analysis
Effect of reduction of fertilizers and agrochemicals on yield of cucumber
The determination results of yields of various treatments are shown in Table 3. It could be seen from data in Table 3 that compared with conventional fertilization and conventional agrochemical application （CK）， reduction of fertilizers and agrochemicals improved yield of cucumber； treatment T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application） exhibited the highest yield increase， and during the whole harvest period， yield increased by 7 003.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 19.25%； the second one was treatment T3 （recommended fertilization + conventional agrochemical application）， and during the whole harvest period， yield increased by 5 004 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 13.75%； and treatment T2 （conventional fertilization + recommended agrochemical application） had no remarkable increase of yield， and during the whole harvest period， yield increased by 2 227.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 6.12%.
Jinmao fertilizer， compound fertilizer （15∶15∶15）， chitin， Pengguojing water flush fertilizer， Jinweiguo Urea， compound fertilizer （16∶5∶23）， Qiangli JiawangMancozeb， polyoxins， cymoxanil·mancozeb， dimethomorph， metalaxyl·mancozeb， moroxydine hydrochloride·cupric acetate， thiophanate-methyl， Pseudomonas fluorescens， hexaconazole， kresoxim-methyl， pyrimethanilAvermectins， imidacloprid， chlorantraniliproleOxadixyl·mancozeb， Guashuang， propamocarb， mefenoxam·mancozeb， flusilazoleAcetamiprid， imidacloprid， avermectins Analysis of economic benefit of reduction of fertilizers and agrochemicals
It could be seen from Table 1 that recommended fertilization and recommended agrochemical application differed in kinds of fertilizer and agrochemical from conventional fertilization and conventional agrochemical application. Conventional fertilization used 5 kinds of fertilizers， while recommended fertilization only used 3 kinds； and conventional agrochemical application used 14 kinds of agrochemicals， while recommended agrochemical application only used 8 kinds. According to the fertilization and agrochemical application， cost of each treatment was calculated， as shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
It could be seen from Table 5 that compared with the CK， whether for recommended fertilization or recommended agrochemical application， both could improve economic benefit of cucumber， only the increasing rates were different. Treatment T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application） saved the most cost and increased the most economic benefit， cost was saved by 10 941 yuan/hm2， and the increase of economic benefit reached 31 951.5 yuan/hm2. Treatment T3 （recommended fertilization + conventional agrochemical application） exhibited the second most increase of economic benefit， which reached 20 293.5 yuan/hm2， though the saved cost was not the second， the increase of economic benefit was better than treatment T2. Treatment T2 exhibited the least increase of economic benefit， which was only 12 342 yuan/hm2， though the saved cost was more than treatment T3， the difference was not remarkable.
Conclusions
This study was directed to excess fertilization and agrochemical abuse ubiquitous at present. The effects of different fertilization and agrochemical application methods on cucumber yield and input cost were investigated， and the results showed that treatment T4 used much fewer kinds of fertilizers and agrochemicals than the CK， and achieved the effect of increasing cucumber yield， and specifically， during the whole harvest period， the yield increased by 7 003.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 19.25%； and it also had a remarkable effect of increasing economic benefit， and compared with the CK， treatment T4 saved cost by 10 941 yuan/hm2， and increased economic benefit by 31 951.5 yuan/hm2， achieving anticipated effects. Therefore， treatment T4 could be furthered tested and extended in large-scale plantation. It also provides references for selection of fertilizers and agrochemicals during plantation of cucumber， so as to alleviate increasingly serous farmland soil ecological environment. Discussion
In recent years， the consumption level of vegetable in China is improving continuously， and whether for quantity or quality， the demand increased continuously. In China， this is a misunderstanding in facility agriculture that excess fertilization certainly brings excess return， which results in a harmful effect on farmland soil ecological environment， making economic benefit， social benefit and ecological benefit reduce year by year. The residual quantities of agrochemicals in products are significantly correlated with their application rates， while the application rates are related to agrochemical application methods， which is validated by Song et al.[13]， and also laterally evidenced from the comparison of the test results obtained by Feng et al.[15] on chlorothalonil applied to open field cucumber and the results of this study. Previous studies indicate that the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer has a better effect on crop growth[16-17]. Excess fertilization and unreasonable application times result in a not high fertilizer using efficiency and water eutrophication due to large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus entering water body， and influence vegetable quality. Especially， nitrate is accumulated in vegetable in a large quantity， which potentially threatens health of human and livestock. Excess fertilization would reduce soil fertility and seriously influence crop yield. Cucumber is a kind of vegetable susceptible to a variety of diseases and pests， especially， greenhouse culture prolongs the growth cycle of cucumber， and in the growth season longer than 100 d， in order to ensure normal production， the spraying of agrochemicals is inevitable， especially for winter greenhouse cucumber. At present， the production mode of high input and high output depending on resource consumption seriously restricts agricultural sustainable development， and the reduction of agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers has become an important content of changing development way of agriculture. Directing at this phenomenon， different fertilization and agrochemical application combinations were designed， and the results showed that the highest benefit was achieved with the least input， and the purpose of saving cost and improving benefit was realized.
References
[1] WANG JF， CAO PS， KUANG C， et al. Effect of quality and yield of different kinds of fertilizer on growth and production quality of cucumber[J]. Northern Horticulture， 2016（05）： 43-45. （in Chinese） [2] TIAN H， ZHANG ZD， LI YD， et al. Application of principal component analysis in quality evaluation indices of fruit quality for Ribes[J]. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University， 2009， 31（5）： 632-636. （in Chinese）
[3] HUO JY， LIU J， FENG H， et al. Reviews on flavor quality of tomato[J]. China Vegetables， 2005（2）： 34-36. （in Chinese）
[4] FENG L， SONG SH， ZHAO L， et al. Progress in plant polyphenols and their physiological functions[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi， 2007， 19（10）： 105-107. （in Chinese）
[5] SALIBA-COLOMBANI V， CAUSSE M， LANGLOIS D， et al. Genetic analysis of organ oleptic quality in fresh market tomato 1， mapping QTLs for physical and chemical traits[J]. Theoretical & Applied Genetics， 2001， 102（2-3）： 259-272.
[6] ZANOR MI， RAMBLA JL， CHAIB J， et al. Metabolic characterization of loci affecting sensory attributes in tomato allows an assessment of the influence of the levels of primary metabolites and volatile organic contents[J].Journal of Experimental Botany， 2009， 60（7）： 2139-2154.
[7] LI DC， XU G， SUN YJ. High-quality high-yield cultivation technology of cucumber for late autumn[J]. Shanghai Vegetables， 2010（3）： 27-28. （in Chinese）
[8] ZHOU DD， ZHOU CJ， YANG LJ. Effect of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nutrients uptake， yield and quality of field-grown cucumber[J]. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University， 2012， 43（4）： 498-501. （in Chinese）
[9] WANG LC， HE CX. Effect of different nitrogenous fertilizer topdressing on the yield and quality of sweet pepper in solar greenhouse[J]. Northern Horticulture， 2010（16）： 59-62. （in Chinese）
[10] WANG XC， WANG YH， LU MJ， et al. Application techniques and effects of production green cucumber[J]. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology， 2002（9）： 35-37. （in Chinese）
[11] CAI SZ， CHEN JM， CHEN ZQ， et al. Comparison of different computing methods of fertilizing amount for cucumber[J]. Soils and Fertilizers， 1993（6）： 12-14. （in Chinese）
[12] LI SL， SUN ZQ， WEI GQ， et al. Effects of different fertilizer application levels on cucumber yield and quality in greenhouse substrate culture[J]. Journal of Shenyang Aricultural University， 2004， 34（4）： 246-248. （in Chinese）
[13] SONG XH， LI JB， CAO QW， et al. Residues analysis of common pesticides on greenhouse cucumber[J]. Food Science， 2012， 33（10）： 228-231. （in Chinese）
[14] FENG MX， CHEN ZD， YUAN YW， et al. Residue dynamics of pesticides in ridge cucumber[J]. Pesticide Science and Administration， 2007， 28（5）： 17-20. （in Chinese）
[15] LIANG CF， CHEN ZF， PENG TB， et al. Comparative studies on fertilizing effects of fen manure and fertilizer on Chinese cabbage and cauliflower[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology， 2004， 23（2）： 141-145. （in Chinese）
[16] HUANG DF， WANG G， LI WH， et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on vegetable growth， fertilizer nitrogen utilization and nitrogen loss from vegetable field[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology， 2009， 20（3）： 631-638. （in Chinese）
Key words Cucumber； Fertilization and agrochemical application； Cost-effectiveness
Cucumber is one of the main vegetable varieties in China， which is mainly cultured in open field and has the characteristics of high yield and large demand for fertilizer[1]. The selection of fertilizer kinds and ratio is of great significance. Organic acids and soluble solids are important indices for the overall evaluation of fruit quality[2-5]； total phenols are compounds found in plant foods with the potential of promoting health[4]； and flavonoids have special anticancer effect on human， which not only could prevent spread of cancer cells， but also could inhibit their growth[6]. At present， in the production process of cucumber， the problem of blind fertilization is very conspicuous， which is mainly reflected by too-high application rate of nitrogen fertilizer and seriously deficiency of potassium fertilizer， which not only result in waste of nitrogen fertilizer and adverse effect in improving yield， but also give rise to soil deterioration and environment pollution[7]. At present， many scholars have done many studies on kinds and levels of fertilizers applied to cucumber， and they deem that rational ratio of nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer could significantly improve growth of cucumber and improve its yield and quality[8]. Wang et al.[9] studied the effects of topdressing of different nitrogen fertilizers on Capsicum annuum yield and quality. Wang et al.[10] studied the fertilization technique for production of green cucumber and corresponding benefit， and found that the most effective fertilization methods were fermented organic fertilizer method and root-irrigation method. Cai et al.[11] compared different computing methods of fertilizing amount for cucumber， and the results showed that fertilization ratio method was better for the calculation of fertilizing amount for cucumber. Through the application of different kinds of fertilizers， the relationship between fertilizing amount and cucumber growth and development and the effects on quality and yield were studied[12]， aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the selection of suitable fertilizers for cucumber plantation and improvement of cucumber yield and quality. However， cucumber is a kind of vegetable crop susceptible to various diseases and pests， especially， greenhouse cultivation prolongs the growth cycle of cucumber， and during the growth season longer than 100 d， in order to ensure normal production， the spraying of agrochemicals is inevitable， especially for winter greenhouse cucumber[13]. The increase of application times and application rate of agrochemicals results in environmental pollution and severe excessive pesticide residues. Therefore， the study on fertilization and application of agrochemicals for cucumber could provide reference for the selection of fertilizers and agrochemicals， so as to alleviate increasingly serious farmland soil ecological environment. Materials and Methods
Experimental materials
The tested cucumber variety was ‘Beihaidao’. Raising of seedlings was started on February 20， 2016， and field plantation was performed on March 10， 2016.
Experimental methods
The experiment was carried out in the rice-vegetable rotation area in Wujiazhai Village， Yangjie Township， Kaiyuan City. Four treatments were conducted， including T1 （conventional fertilization + conventional agrochemical application， CK）， T2 （conventional fertilization + recommended agrochemical application）， T3 （recommended fertilization + conventional agrochemical application） and T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application）. Each treatment had three replicates， and there were 12 plots in total. Each plot had an area of 59.12 m2， and the specific fertilizer and agent names are shown in Table 1.
The topdressing and agrochemical application time was the same， and the specific time and application rate are shown in Table 2.
Harvest was started on April 23， 2016， and completed on May 11， 2016. Each treatment was harvested separately， for yield determination. Economic benefit was calculated according to actual cost.
Results and Analysis
Effect of reduction of fertilizers and agrochemicals on yield of cucumber
The determination results of yields of various treatments are shown in Table 3. It could be seen from data in Table 3 that compared with conventional fertilization and conventional agrochemical application （CK）， reduction of fertilizers and agrochemicals improved yield of cucumber； treatment T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application） exhibited the highest yield increase， and during the whole harvest period， yield increased by 7 003.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 19.25%； the second one was treatment T3 （recommended fertilization + conventional agrochemical application）， and during the whole harvest period， yield increased by 5 004 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 13.75%； and treatment T2 （conventional fertilization + recommended agrochemical application） had no remarkable increase of yield， and during the whole harvest period， yield increased by 2 227.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 6.12%.
Jinmao fertilizer， compound fertilizer （15∶15∶15）， chitin， Pengguojing water flush fertilizer， Jinweiguo Urea， compound fertilizer （16∶5∶23）， Qiangli JiawangMancozeb， polyoxins， cymoxanil·mancozeb， dimethomorph， metalaxyl·mancozeb， moroxydine hydrochloride·cupric acetate， thiophanate-methyl， Pseudomonas fluorescens， hexaconazole， kresoxim-methyl， pyrimethanilAvermectins， imidacloprid， chlorantraniliproleOxadixyl·mancozeb， Guashuang， propamocarb， mefenoxam·mancozeb， flusilazoleAcetamiprid， imidacloprid， avermectins Analysis of economic benefit of reduction of fertilizers and agrochemicals
It could be seen from Table 1 that recommended fertilization and recommended agrochemical application differed in kinds of fertilizer and agrochemical from conventional fertilization and conventional agrochemical application. Conventional fertilization used 5 kinds of fertilizers， while recommended fertilization only used 3 kinds； and conventional agrochemical application used 14 kinds of agrochemicals， while recommended agrochemical application only used 8 kinds. According to the fertilization and agrochemical application， cost of each treatment was calculated， as shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
It could be seen from Table 5 that compared with the CK， whether for recommended fertilization or recommended agrochemical application， both could improve economic benefit of cucumber， only the increasing rates were different. Treatment T4 （recommended fertilization + recommended agrochemical application） saved the most cost and increased the most economic benefit， cost was saved by 10 941 yuan/hm2， and the increase of economic benefit reached 31 951.5 yuan/hm2. Treatment T3 （recommended fertilization + conventional agrochemical application） exhibited the second most increase of economic benefit， which reached 20 293.5 yuan/hm2， though the saved cost was not the second， the increase of economic benefit was better than treatment T2. Treatment T2 exhibited the least increase of economic benefit， which was only 12 342 yuan/hm2， though the saved cost was more than treatment T3， the difference was not remarkable.
Conclusions
This study was directed to excess fertilization and agrochemical abuse ubiquitous at present. The effects of different fertilization and agrochemical application methods on cucumber yield and input cost were investigated， and the results showed that treatment T4 used much fewer kinds of fertilizers and agrochemicals than the CK， and achieved the effect of increasing cucumber yield， and specifically， during the whole harvest period， the yield increased by 7 003.5 kg/hm2， with an increasing rate of 19.25%； and it also had a remarkable effect of increasing economic benefit， and compared with the CK， treatment T4 saved cost by 10 941 yuan/hm2， and increased economic benefit by 31 951.5 yuan/hm2， achieving anticipated effects. Therefore， treatment T4 could be furthered tested and extended in large-scale plantation. It also provides references for selection of fertilizers and agrochemicals during plantation of cucumber， so as to alleviate increasingly serous farmland soil ecological environment. Discussion
In recent years， the consumption level of vegetable in China is improving continuously， and whether for quantity or quality， the demand increased continuously. In China， this is a misunderstanding in facility agriculture that excess fertilization certainly brings excess return， which results in a harmful effect on farmland soil ecological environment， making economic benefit， social benefit and ecological benefit reduce year by year. The residual quantities of agrochemicals in products are significantly correlated with their application rates， while the application rates are related to agrochemical application methods， which is validated by Song et al.[13]， and also laterally evidenced from the comparison of the test results obtained by Feng et al.[15] on chlorothalonil applied to open field cucumber and the results of this study. Previous studies indicate that the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer has a better effect on crop growth[16-17]. Excess fertilization and unreasonable application times result in a not high fertilizer using efficiency and water eutrophication due to large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus entering water body， and influence vegetable quality. Especially， nitrate is accumulated in vegetable in a large quantity， which potentially threatens health of human and livestock. Excess fertilization would reduce soil fertility and seriously influence crop yield. Cucumber is a kind of vegetable susceptible to a variety of diseases and pests， especially， greenhouse culture prolongs the growth cycle of cucumber， and in the growth season longer than 100 d， in order to ensure normal production， the spraying of agrochemicals is inevitable， especially for winter greenhouse cucumber. At present， the production mode of high input and high output depending on resource consumption seriously restricts agricultural sustainable development， and the reduction of agrochemicals and chemical fertilizers has become an important content of changing development way of agriculture. Directing at this phenomenon， different fertilization and agrochemical application combinations were designed， and the results showed that the highest benefit was achieved with the least input， and the purpose of saving cost and improving benefit was realized.
References
[1] WANG JF， CAO PS， KUANG C， et al. Effect of quality and yield of different kinds of fertilizer on growth and production quality of cucumber[J]. Northern Horticulture， 2016（05）： 43-45. （in Chinese） [2] TIAN H， ZHANG ZD， LI YD， et al. Application of principal component analysis in quality evaluation indices of fruit quality for Ribes[J]. Journal of Jilin Agricultural University， 2009， 31（5）： 632-636. （in Chinese）
[3] HUO JY， LIU J， FENG H， et al. Reviews on flavor quality of tomato[J]. China Vegetables， 2005（2）： 34-36. （in Chinese）
[4] FENG L， SONG SH， ZHAO L， et al. Progress in plant polyphenols and their physiological functions[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi， 2007， 19（10）： 105-107. （in Chinese）
[5] SALIBA-COLOMBANI V， CAUSSE M， LANGLOIS D， et al. Genetic analysis of organ oleptic quality in fresh market tomato 1， mapping QTLs for physical and chemical traits[J]. Theoretical & Applied Genetics， 2001， 102（2-3）： 259-272.
[6] ZANOR MI， RAMBLA JL， CHAIB J， et al. Metabolic characterization of loci affecting sensory attributes in tomato allows an assessment of the influence of the levels of primary metabolites and volatile organic contents[J].Journal of Experimental Botany， 2009， 60（7）： 2139-2154.
[7] LI DC， XU G， SUN YJ. High-quality high-yield cultivation technology of cucumber for late autumn[J]. Shanghai Vegetables， 2010（3）： 27-28. （in Chinese）
[8] ZHOU DD， ZHOU CJ， YANG LJ. Effect of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nutrients uptake， yield and quality of field-grown cucumber[J]. Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University， 2012， 43（4）： 498-501. （in Chinese）
[9] WANG LC， HE CX. Effect of different nitrogenous fertilizer topdressing on the yield and quality of sweet pepper in solar greenhouse[J]. Northern Horticulture， 2010（16）： 59-62. （in Chinese）
[10] WANG XC， WANG YH， LU MJ， et al. Application techniques and effects of production green cucumber[J]. Gansu Agricultural Science and Technology， 2002（9）： 35-37. （in Chinese）
[11] CAI SZ， CHEN JM， CHEN ZQ， et al. Comparison of different computing methods of fertilizing amount for cucumber[J]. Soils and Fertilizers， 1993（6）： 12-14. （in Chinese）
[12] LI SL， SUN ZQ， WEI GQ， et al. Effects of different fertilizer application levels on cucumber yield and quality in greenhouse substrate culture[J]. Journal of Shenyang Aricultural University， 2004， 34（4）： 246-248. （in Chinese）
[13] SONG XH， LI JB， CAO QW， et al. Residues analysis of common pesticides on greenhouse cucumber[J]. Food Science， 2012， 33（10）： 228-231. （in Chinese）
[14] FENG MX， CHEN ZD， YUAN YW， et al. Residue dynamics of pesticides in ridge cucumber[J]. Pesticide Science and Administration， 2007， 28（5）： 17-20. （in Chinese）
[15] LIANG CF， CHEN ZF， PENG TB， et al. Comparative studies on fertilizing effects of fen manure and fertilizer on Chinese cabbage and cauliflower[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology， 2004， 23（2）： 141-145. （in Chinese）
[16] HUANG DF， WANG G， LI WH， et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on vegetable growth， fertilizer nitrogen utilization and nitrogen loss from vegetable field[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology， 2009， 20（3）： 631-638. （in Chinese）