高能激光破岩是一种非接触式的物理化学破岩方法。激光破岩的基本原理是,利用高能光束使岩石基质材料局部快速加热,由固态瞬间相变到热熔和气化状态,并形成气液固多相混合物,然后由高速辅助气流将其携走和排除。文章利用能量守恒原理,建立了激光破岩的基本物理模型;研究表明,激光破岩的机械钻速,主要与激光束的平均功率密度和岩石材料的热物理性能参数有关。同时,对激光束的发散角、主瓣半径和光斑的功率密度等技术参数进行了分析。另外,对岩石表面受激光辐射后的传热学特性、温度场的数学描述及其分布规律等基础问题进行了研究。 High-energy laser rock breaking is a non-contact physicochemical rock breaking method. The basic principle of laser rock breaking is that the rock matrix material is rapidly heated locally by high-energy light beams, and changes from solid state to hot melt and gasification instantaneously to form a gas-liquid-solid multiphase mixture, which is then carried by the high-speed auxiliary gas stream and exclude. In this paper, the basic physical model of rock breaking by laser is established by using the principle of energy conservation. The research shows that the penetration rate of laser rock breaking is mainly related to the average power density of laser beam and the thermal physical parameters of rock material. At the same time, the technical parameters of the laser beam divergence angle, the main lobe radius and the spot power density were analyzed. In addition, the basic problems such as the heat transfer characteristics, the mathematical description of the temperature field and its distribution after the laser radiation on the rock surface are studied.