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在现行的俄罗斯联邦刑事诉讼法的好些条款中,刑事案件证明的主体表述得不明确.刑事诉讼法第3条《提起刑事案件及揭发犯罪的职责》这样规定:“法官、检察员、侦查员和调查机关、每当发现犯罪迹象的时候,必须在自己的职权范围内提起刑事案件的诉讼、采取法律规定的查明犯罪人的犯罪事实及对其惩罚的措施.”关于这些内容,刑事诉讼法第20条也提到.该条第2款直接规定“法官、检察员、侦查员及进行调查的人员,无权把证明的责任推到被告人身上.”学者们,实际工作者们由这些情况作出了只有一个涵义的结论:不仅检察员、侦查员及调查机关,而且法官都是证明的主体;主体必须证明犯罪事实及认为有罪的原因.根据我们的意见,不能认为这只是法官的任务.不仅如此,在法律书籍中,根据刑事诉讼法直接引用了“调查机关、侦查员、检察员及法官在进行调查、预审及法院审理时,必须证明为公正解央刑事案件有意义的.情节……”的条文(《苏联司法》1987年第12期第19页).根据我们的意见,法院下必并且不该证明被告人犯罪或没有犯罪.法院应该答复审理案件时出现的主要问题:证明有罪或无罪.如果无罪,——就否决它.
In the current articles of the Criminal Procedure Law of the Russian Federation, the main body of the evidence of criminal cases is not clearly stated: Article 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that “a criminal, prosecutor, investigator And investigative agencies, whenever criminal signs are found, they must bring the litigation in criminal cases within their own power and take the legal provisions to ascertain the criminal facts of criminals and punish them. ”With regard to these elements, criminal proceedings Article 20 of the Law also mentions that paragraph 2 of the article directly stipulates that “judges, prosecutors, investigators and investigators are not authorized to put the burden of proof on the accused.” Scholars and practitioners These circumstances give rise to a single-minded conclusion: not only prosecutors, investigators and investigative authorities, but also judges as the subject of proof; the subject must prove the facts of the crime and the reasons for its conviction and in our opinion, this can not be considered a mere judge In addition to this, in the law books, according to the Code of Criminal Procedure, “investigators, investigators, prosecutors and judges are making direct inquiries In the investigation, pre-trial and before the court, it must be proved that it is meaningful for the criminal case of the Central Committee to be solved fairly. ”(Soviet Judicial Practice, No. 12, 1987, p.19) In our opinion, It should not prove that the accused was guilty of a crime or did not commit a criminal offense. The court should answer the main question that arises when trying a case: to prove guilt or innocence, and to deny it if innocent.