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制造业的两大类存在着天壤之别。生产飞机、拉链等独立产品的独立制造商极大程度地依赖面向职工的计划来提高质量和利润。而通过连续方式提炼和混合苹果沙司、汽油等各种产品的加工制造商主要依靠改进生产技术的方式提高利润。一个巨大的障碍总是阻碍着加工制造商:他们对每道工序的物理和化学原理没有准确的了解。例如,生产苛性苏打的技术100年前就发明了,但到底是怎么回事仍是个谜。由于没有这类知识,化学工程师往往谨慎行事,固守工厂的传统设计,他们的保守态度阻碍了进步。
There are big differences between the two major categories of manufacturing. Independent manufacturers that produce stand-alone products such as aircrafts, zippers, etc. rely heavily on plans for employees to improve quality and profits. The processing manufacturers that extract and mix apple sauce, gasoline, and other products in a continuous manner rely mainly on improving production techniques to increase profits. A huge obstacle always hinders processing manufacturers: they do not have an accurate understanding of the physical and chemical principles of each process. For example, the technology for producing caustic soda was invented 100 years ago, but it is still a mystery. Because there is no such knowledge, chemical engineers are often cautious and cling to the factory’s traditional designs, and their conservative attitudes hinder progress.