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In recent years，Guided by scientific development concept， CR（China Railway）aims at advanced level of the world， greatly promotes original innovation，integrated innovation and the method of “introducing， absorbing and re-innovation” as to create the railways with Chinese characteristics and independent innovation.In many areas such as high-speed railways，locomotive and car equipments，plateau railway，speed increasing of existing railways and heavy haul，CR has achieved many technical innovation results，which greatly promote the development and improvement of CR technical standard systems.
1.Development and Structure Construction of the CR Technical Standard Systems
1.1 Construction of the CR Technical Standard Systems
The railway standards（TB） in China have experienced over half century of development，and shaped into a technical standard system by taking all the major categories as its main framework， basically meeting railway transport requirements with comparatively complete and systematic railway technical standard system.Railway technical standard work borrows experience from international advanced technical standards and foreign railway standards，carries out further studies on standard systems，and actively promotes the preparation，drafting and review of the technical standards in the related sectors.Great progress have been made in the technical system construction and standard preparation and review of the standards for conventional lines，heavy haul lines，plateau lines and high speed lines，so significant achievements have been made in the construction of railway technical standard systems.
With the speed up campaigns，replacement and improvement on technical standards are also speeded up，forming up technical standard system for mixed passenger and freight traffic on the same track including the systems for locomotive and rolling stock，permanent way engineering， communication and signaling，traffic organization，traction power supply， safety & health，and environmental protection etc.
Taking heavy haul technologies on Daqin line as a support，taking features of heavy haul traffic in China as its characteristics and taking heavy haul technical system as its basis，CR has made research and studies，and formulated the related technical standards and documents to cater the needs of heavy haul，and setting up the heavy haul railway technical standard system.
Taking the technologies adopted by Qinghai-Tibet railway line as a support，taking features of plateau railway lines in China as characteristics，and taking plateau railway technical system as a basis，CR has made research and studies，and formulated the related technical standards and documents to meet the requirements of plateau railways，and setting up the plateau railway technical standard system. With high speed railway construction and operation，by taking the high speed technical system as a basis，and by following and studying the construction and independent innovations and achievements related to high speed railway technical system，the technical standard system for high speed railway in China has been set up.
Work on railway standards follows the principles of adhering to be “systematic， standardized， advanced and open ”，by focusing on important fields mainly in speed increase，heavy haul，high speed，safety，informationization etc.，emphasizing railway comprehensive fundamental standards，the general technical conditions and test methodologies for major products， the standards for products that directly influence railway safe operation，have large quantity in utilization and needs interoperability and interchange，and standards for transportation management and for services， highlighting system assembly and coordination as well as whole system optimization，facilitating transform of new scientific and research achievements into technical standards，and organizing and carrying out preparation and drafting of related technical standards.
Since 2003，over 560 standards had been drafted and promulgated. The newly drafted and reviewed national standards and railway standards are further improved both in contents and at levels，so some standards have reached international advanced level.Some standard projects including TB/T 2635-2004 Technical Requirements on Heat Treated Rails，GB/T3317-2006 General Technical Requirements on Electric Locomotives etc.are awarded the Prizes for Contribution to China Standards Innovations.Up to now there are 1688 TB railway standards and 95 GB railway national standards.
1.2 Structure of CR Technical Standard System
The CR technical standards consist of railway national standards （GB），railway standards（TB） and technical documents in specialized fields.
CR technical standards are established on the basis of railway lines of mixed passenger and freight traffic，forming up a railway technical standard system more complete and relatively independent. Up to now，there are 1， 688 valid railway standards（TB），95 railway national standards（GB） and over 2000 technical documents in specialized fields.The standards covers the fields of locomotive and rolling stocks，permanent way engineering， communication and signaling，electrified line，traffic management etc， and the major products，and documents on the foundation and management work，and they are playing an important role in improving the railway industrial product quality，and ensuring transport safety. Based on the CR technical standards for existing lines（or lines of mixed passenger and freight traffic on the same track），technical standard systems for heavy haul，plateau and high speed lines have been established respectively.
1.2.1 Technical standard system for conventional lines （mixed freight and passenger traffic on the same track）
Based upon the features of the conventional lines，a fairly complete conventional line technical standard system consisting of railway general standards，standards for locomotive and rolling stocks，permanent way engineering，communication and signaling，traffic organization，traction power supply，safety and health，environmental protection has been gradually developed and set up （Fig.1）.
Fig.1 Structure of the Railway Conventional Line Technical Standard System
1.2.2 Technical Standard System for Heavy Haul
While establishing an improved technical system for heavy haul，a technical standard system for heavy haul has been structured and further improved.The technical standard system for heavy haul is based upon the technical standard system for mixed passenger and freight traffic on the same track，and upon the features of the heavy haul operation （Fig.2）.
Fig.2 Structure of the Technical Standard System for Heavy Haul
1.2.3 Technical Standard System for Plateau（Qinghai-Tibet Railway） Lines
Focusing on the special requirements by the technical features of the mechanical and electrical equipment for the traffic operation of both passengers and freight traffic on plateau lines，technical standard system of the mechanical and electrical equipment including locomotive and rolling stock，communication and signaling，track machinery etc for plateau lines has been set up based on the operation of the conventional lines （Fig.3）.
Fig.3 Structure of the Technical Standard System of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Plateau Lines
1.2.4 Technical Standard System for High Speed Railways and the Development
Technical standard system for high speed railway lines has been established based upon the high speed railway technical system， the valid railway technical standard system，the systematic summary of the high speed railway construction and operational experiences without any delay， as well as the innovations and studies on new technologies.In recent years， some important technical standards have been drafted including The Technical Specifications For Train Control System CTCS-3， Technical Requirement on Railway Ballastless Track，and High speed EMU Test Requirements etc.，forming up the technical standard system for high speed railways with China’s characteristics.（Fig.4） High speed railways mainly consists of 7 subsystems，namely system integration，EMU，track engineering，communication and signaling，traction power supply， traffic control and passenger service. Functions in each system are supported by the technical standards it includes.The overall functions of the high speed technical standard system rely on each function in technical standard of the specific system，all the related technical standards are connected，interacted to guarantee the realization of overall functions.Therefore the system technical standard shall be complete and systematic，and all the system technical standards are matched and correlated via interface parameters，working as supplement and constraints，being a scientific and systematic integrity.
Fig.4 Structure of High Speed Technical System
According to the composition of the high speed railway technical system， and the principle of making the standards simple，unified， coordinated and standardized，the design for high speed technical system is made well arranged by levels，complete and system-wide，interrelated and expandable.The structure of the high speed railway technical standard system is shown as in Fig.5.
Fig.5 Structure of the High Speed Railway Technical Standard System
2.CR Technical Standards and International Standards
2.1 Adoption of International Standards
From 1980s，CR started to adopt international standards and advanced standards drafted by other countries.In 1990s，CR started to set up specialized projects to study international and other advanced standards used by railway sectors，tracing，collecting and classifying international standards and other advanced standards，and organizing the adoption of international standards.
At present，CR adopts international standards and regional standards， standards adopted by CR amounts to：
46 standards from ISO.
57 standards from IEC.
9 standards from ITU.
55standards from UIC.
13 standards from EN.
2.2 Innovations on High Speed Railway Technical Standards
While actively adopting international and foreign standards，through technical innovation，CR has stipulated many technical standards with CR characteristics， such as：
Rules on integration test and commissioning of high speed railways.
CTCS-3 for train control system.
CRTS ballastless track.
rails for high speed railways.
turnouts for high speed railways.
Concrete pre-cast Box girders for high speed railways. High speed EMU test requirements.
2.3 Actively join the international standardization works
CR started the involvement of IEC/TC9 from 1991.In recent years， CR participates in the documentation and voting for the international standards.19 delegates were sent to IEC/TC9 conferences successively and organized twice IEC/TC9 conferences（IEC/TC9 1998 Zhuzhou and IEC/TC9 2004 Shanghai）.In October 2010，the 50th anniversary of IEC/TC9 was organized in Changsha China（Third Edition）.In 2009 it was decided that two IEC standards including Special Requirements on Composite Insulators for Power Supply System（IEC62621）should be drafted by CR.At present more than 40 CR technical experts are involved in the tasks of 30 IEC standard project working teams.
International Union of Railway（UIC） is an international standardization organization in the fields of railway，and has been confirmed and promulgated by ISO.China is an active member of UIC. Besides participating the relevant meetings，CR is actively involved in the cooperation and exchanges at the technical levels in recent years.In 2009 CR Standardization delegation paid a visit to UIC and conducted technical exchanges with UIC counterpart departments.In May 2010，CR invited UIC experts to Beijing to a Technical Seminar and conducted exchanges focusing on high speed railway technical standards.At present，some projects are being organized and proposed on UIC standard and participation in drafting UIC standards.
Through working on international standardization，and the cooperation between CR and international standardization organizations are strengthened，which promotes the globalization of CR technical standards.
3.Conclusion
CR technical standard system develops with the CR railway construction and growth of transportation. Under the guidance of MOR， the system is gradually established and improved.The whole technical standard system is well-structured，wide covered，specialized and serviceability-oriented.The system provides an important technical criteria for track design，equipment manufacturing，inspection and acceptance，operation and maintenance，system evaluation etc.，as well as important supports for railway construction and technical development.
Technical standards is the reflection of technical standardization， is the fruit of technology and technical support.We shall further strengthen CR technical standardization work，promote the formulation of UIC international standards，especially the formulation of UIC technical standard on high speed lines.We are willing to play an active role in the development of high speed line technology of the world.
1.Development and Structure Construction of the CR Technical Standard Systems
1.1 Construction of the CR Technical Standard Systems
The railway standards（TB） in China have experienced over half century of development，and shaped into a technical standard system by taking all the major categories as its main framework， basically meeting railway transport requirements with comparatively complete and systematic railway technical standard system.Railway technical standard work borrows experience from international advanced technical standards and foreign railway standards，carries out further studies on standard systems，and actively promotes the preparation，drafting and review of the technical standards in the related sectors.Great progress have been made in the technical system construction and standard preparation and review of the standards for conventional lines，heavy haul lines，plateau lines and high speed lines，so significant achievements have been made in the construction of railway technical standard systems.
With the speed up campaigns，replacement and improvement on technical standards are also speeded up，forming up technical standard system for mixed passenger and freight traffic on the same track including the systems for locomotive and rolling stock，permanent way engineering， communication and signaling，traffic organization，traction power supply， safety & health，and environmental protection etc.
Taking heavy haul technologies on Daqin line as a support，taking features of heavy haul traffic in China as its characteristics and taking heavy haul technical system as its basis，CR has made research and studies，and formulated the related technical standards and documents to cater the needs of heavy haul，and setting up the heavy haul railway technical standard system.
Taking the technologies adopted by Qinghai-Tibet railway line as a support，taking features of plateau railway lines in China as characteristics，and taking plateau railway technical system as a basis，CR has made research and studies，and formulated the related technical standards and documents to meet the requirements of plateau railways，and setting up the plateau railway technical standard system. With high speed railway construction and operation，by taking the high speed technical system as a basis，and by following and studying the construction and independent innovations and achievements related to high speed railway technical system，the technical standard system for high speed railway in China has been set up.
Work on railway standards follows the principles of adhering to be “systematic， standardized， advanced and open ”，by focusing on important fields mainly in speed increase，heavy haul，high speed，safety，informationization etc.，emphasizing railway comprehensive fundamental standards，the general technical conditions and test methodologies for major products， the standards for products that directly influence railway safe operation，have large quantity in utilization and needs interoperability and interchange，and standards for transportation management and for services， highlighting system assembly and coordination as well as whole system optimization，facilitating transform of new scientific and research achievements into technical standards，and organizing and carrying out preparation and drafting of related technical standards.
Since 2003，over 560 standards had been drafted and promulgated. The newly drafted and reviewed national standards and railway standards are further improved both in contents and at levels，so some standards have reached international advanced level.Some standard projects including TB/T 2635-2004 Technical Requirements on Heat Treated Rails，GB/T3317-2006 General Technical Requirements on Electric Locomotives etc.are awarded the Prizes for Contribution to China Standards Innovations.Up to now there are 1688 TB railway standards and 95 GB railway national standards.
1.2 Structure of CR Technical Standard System
The CR technical standards consist of railway national standards （GB），railway standards（TB） and technical documents in specialized fields.
CR technical standards are established on the basis of railway lines of mixed passenger and freight traffic，forming up a railway technical standard system more complete and relatively independent. Up to now，there are 1， 688 valid railway standards（TB），95 railway national standards（GB） and over 2000 technical documents in specialized fields.The standards covers the fields of locomotive and rolling stocks，permanent way engineering， communication and signaling，electrified line，traffic management etc， and the major products，and documents on the foundation and management work，and they are playing an important role in improving the railway industrial product quality，and ensuring transport safety. Based on the CR technical standards for existing lines（or lines of mixed passenger and freight traffic on the same track），technical standard systems for heavy haul，plateau and high speed lines have been established respectively.
1.2.1 Technical standard system for conventional lines （mixed freight and passenger traffic on the same track）
Based upon the features of the conventional lines，a fairly complete conventional line technical standard system consisting of railway general standards，standards for locomotive and rolling stocks，permanent way engineering，communication and signaling，traffic organization，traction power supply，safety and health，environmental protection has been gradually developed and set up （Fig.1）.
Fig.1 Structure of the Railway Conventional Line Technical Standard System
1.2.2 Technical Standard System for Heavy Haul
While establishing an improved technical system for heavy haul，a technical standard system for heavy haul has been structured and further improved.The technical standard system for heavy haul is based upon the technical standard system for mixed passenger and freight traffic on the same track，and upon the features of the heavy haul operation （Fig.2）.
Fig.2 Structure of the Technical Standard System for Heavy Haul
1.2.3 Technical Standard System for Plateau（Qinghai-Tibet Railway） Lines
Focusing on the special requirements by the technical features of the mechanical and electrical equipment for the traffic operation of both passengers and freight traffic on plateau lines，technical standard system of the mechanical and electrical equipment including locomotive and rolling stock，communication and signaling，track machinery etc for plateau lines has been set up based on the operation of the conventional lines （Fig.3）.
Fig.3 Structure of the Technical Standard System of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Plateau Lines
1.2.4 Technical Standard System for High Speed Railways and the Development
Technical standard system for high speed railway lines has been established based upon the high speed railway technical system， the valid railway technical standard system，the systematic summary of the high speed railway construction and operational experiences without any delay， as well as the innovations and studies on new technologies.In recent years， some important technical standards have been drafted including The Technical Specifications For Train Control System CTCS-3， Technical Requirement on Railway Ballastless Track，and High speed EMU Test Requirements etc.，forming up the technical standard system for high speed railways with China’s characteristics.（Fig.4） High speed railways mainly consists of 7 subsystems，namely system integration，EMU，track engineering，communication and signaling，traction power supply， traffic control and passenger service. Functions in each system are supported by the technical standards it includes.The overall functions of the high speed technical standard system rely on each function in technical standard of the specific system，all the related technical standards are connected，interacted to guarantee the realization of overall functions.Therefore the system technical standard shall be complete and systematic，and all the system technical standards are matched and correlated via interface parameters，working as supplement and constraints，being a scientific and systematic integrity.
Fig.4 Structure of High Speed Technical System
According to the composition of the high speed railway technical system， and the principle of making the standards simple，unified， coordinated and standardized，the design for high speed technical system is made well arranged by levels，complete and system-wide，interrelated and expandable.The structure of the high speed railway technical standard system is shown as in Fig.5.
Fig.5 Structure of the High Speed Railway Technical Standard System
2.CR Technical Standards and International Standards
2.1 Adoption of International Standards
From 1980s，CR started to adopt international standards and advanced standards drafted by other countries.In 1990s，CR started to set up specialized projects to study international and other advanced standards used by railway sectors，tracing，collecting and classifying international standards and other advanced standards，and organizing the adoption of international standards.
At present，CR adopts international standards and regional standards， standards adopted by CR amounts to：
46 standards from ISO.
57 standards from IEC.
9 standards from ITU.
55standards from UIC.
13 standards from EN.
2.2 Innovations on High Speed Railway Technical Standards
While actively adopting international and foreign standards，through technical innovation，CR has stipulated many technical standards with CR characteristics， such as：
Rules on integration test and commissioning of high speed railways.
CTCS-3 for train control system.
CRTS ballastless track.
rails for high speed railways.
turnouts for high speed railways.
Concrete pre-cast Box girders for high speed railways. High speed EMU test requirements.
2.3 Actively join the international standardization works
CR started the involvement of IEC/TC9 from 1991.In recent years， CR participates in the documentation and voting for the international standards.19 delegates were sent to IEC/TC9 conferences successively and organized twice IEC/TC9 conferences（IEC/TC9 1998 Zhuzhou and IEC/TC9 2004 Shanghai）.In October 2010，the 50th anniversary of IEC/TC9 was organized in Changsha China（Third Edition）.In 2009 it was decided that two IEC standards including Special Requirements on Composite Insulators for Power Supply System（IEC62621）should be drafted by CR.At present more than 40 CR technical experts are involved in the tasks of 30 IEC standard project working teams.
International Union of Railway（UIC） is an international standardization organization in the fields of railway，and has been confirmed and promulgated by ISO.China is an active member of UIC. Besides participating the relevant meetings，CR is actively involved in the cooperation and exchanges at the technical levels in recent years.In 2009 CR Standardization delegation paid a visit to UIC and conducted technical exchanges with UIC counterpart departments.In May 2010，CR invited UIC experts to Beijing to a Technical Seminar and conducted exchanges focusing on high speed railway technical standards.At present，some projects are being organized and proposed on UIC standard and participation in drafting UIC standards.
Through working on international standardization，and the cooperation between CR and international standardization organizations are strengthened，which promotes the globalization of CR technical standards.
3.Conclusion
CR technical standard system develops with the CR railway construction and growth of transportation. Under the guidance of MOR， the system is gradually established and improved.The whole technical standard system is well-structured，wide covered，specialized and serviceability-oriented.The system provides an important technical criteria for track design，equipment manufacturing，inspection and acceptance，operation and maintenance，system evaluation etc.，as well as important supports for railway construction and technical development.
Technical standards is the reflection of technical standardization， is the fruit of technology and technical support.We shall further strengthen CR technical standardization work，promote the formulation of UIC international standards，especially the formulation of UIC technical standard on high speed lines.We are willing to play an active role in the development of high speed line technology of the world.