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一、环境外在性核算的理论基础所谓环境外在性,是指在经济活动中产生了超越从事这些经济活动的主体以外的外部影响,即不通过市场机制反映的影响,进而产生不能全部反映到私人成本中的社会成本。环境外在性可分为正的环境外在性和负的环境外在性。由于对环境外在性的研究,古典经济学理论受到了挑战,从而开辟了现代经济理论一个重要的分支。从理论上讲,造成外在不经济的最终原因是缺乏明确的产权界定。科斯(Coase,1960)曾经指出,如果产权由私人所有,并索要竞争性价格,就不会产生环境外在性问题,资源就会得到高效率的使用。环境污染问题之所以会产生,就是因为难以确定产权。
First, the theoretical basis for the calculation of environmental externalities The so-called environmental externalities, refers to the economic activities have occurred beyond the main body engaged in these economic activities outside of the external influence, that is, not through the market mechanism to reflect the impact of the resulting can not be fully reflected Social costs to private costs. Environmental externalities can be divided into positive environmental externalities and negative environmental externalities. Due to the study of environmental externality, classical economics theory has been challenged, thus opening up an important branch of modern economic theory. In theory, the ultimate cause of external diseconomies is the lack of a clear definition of property rights. Coase (1960) once pointed out that if property rights are owned by private individuals and demand competitive prices, there will be no environmental externalities and resources will be used efficiently. The reason why environmental pollution problems arise is that it is difficult to determine property rights.