李自成领导的明末农民大起义,是我国古代农民战争史上一次具有空前规模的农民革命运动。这次起义几经挫折,于崇祯十三年(1640年)由郧、均进入“大旱荒,人相食”,“土寇蜂起”的河南地区后,提出了“均田免粮”、“平买平卖”的革命口号,贯彻了“割富济贫”、“发粟赈饥”的具体措施,并严明军纪,秋毫无犯,一时“民奔走赴之者百万”(吴伟业:《绥寇纪略·汴渠垫》),势大振。自此便节节走向胜利,由豫入陕,由陕入晋,终于在崇祯十七年(1644年)三月十九日攻入北京,取得了推翻明王朝的伟大胜利。然而,李自成在进京后,仅仅只有四十一天,随着山海关一战失利,遂撤出北京,由山西退至陕西,又由陕西撤至湖广,最后在通县九宫山遭地主武装袭击,不幸牺牲,使这次轰轰烈烈的大起义迅速归于失败。主要原因何在呢?为了总结历史的经验教训,史学界长期来对此问题 The great peasant uprising led by Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty was an unprecedented peasant revolutionary movement in the history of the ancient peasant war in our country. After several setbacks in this insurrection, Yunzhen entered the “Henan Province in the period of” arid drought, people eating, “and” soil kokes “in the thirteen years of Chongzhen (1640) Ping Buy and sell flat ”revolutionary slogan, the implementation of the“ cut the rich and serve the poor ”,“ Sha Su alleviate hunger ”specific measures, and strict military discipline, autumn no offense, a moment“ people running away million ”(Wu Weiye: Sui Kou Ji slightly Di canal pad "), the potential vibration. Since then, he has been heading for victory in the province. From Yuhen to Shaanxi and from Shanxi to Shanxi, he finally entered Beijing on March 19, 16 Chongzhen (1644) and achieved a great victory in overthrowing the Ming Dynasty. However, after Li Zicheng arrived in Beijing, he was only 41 days old. With the defeat of the Shanhaiguan one, he was withdrawn from Beijing, retreated from Shanxi to Shaanxi, and was withdrawn from Shaanxi to Huguang. At the end, he was attacked by landlords armed with Jiugongshan in Tongxian County , Unfortunate sacrifice, so that this vigorous grand uprising quickly failed. The main reason why? In order to summarize the lessons of history, historians have long been on this issue