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白念珠菌是人体重要的条件性致病真菌。形态的多样性和可塑性是白念珠菌典型的生物学特征,这与它的致病性、宿主适应能力以及有性生殖过程密切相关。白念珠菌生物被膜(Biofilm)是由不同形态细胞(包括酵母型、菌丝和假菌丝)以及胞外基质组成的致密结构,也是毒性和耐药性形成的重要因子。生物被膜对抗真菌药物、宿主免疫系统和环境胁迫因子等都表现出较强的抵抗力和耐受性,是临床上病原真菌感染防治的重大挑战。随着基因表达谱和遗传操作技术的发展,白念珠菌生物被膜的形成及其耐药性的获得所依赖的遗传调控通路和分子调控机制越来越清楚。主要包括MAPK和cAMP介导的信号途径以及Bcr1和Tec1等因子介导的转录调控。此外,白念珠菌生物被膜的形成与形态转换和有性生殖之间存在密切的联系。文中综述了白念珠菌生物被膜形成的遗传调控机制,重点介绍了细胞壁相关蛋白、转录因子和交配型对该过程的调控以及生物被膜的耐药机制。
Candida albicans is an important pathogenic fungus. Morphological diversity and plasticity are the typical biological characteristics of Candida albicans, which is closely related to its pathogenicity, host adaptability and sexual reproduction. The biofilm of Candida albicans (Biofilm) is a dense structure composed of different morphological cells (including yeast type, mycelium and pseudohyphae) and extracellular matrix, and is also an important factor in the formation of toxicity and resistance. Biological coatings against fungal drugs, the host immune system and environmental stress factors showed strong resistance and tolerance, is a major challenge in the prevention and treatment of pathogenic fungal infections. With the development of gene expression profiling and genetic manipulation techniques, the genetic regulation and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of Candida albicans biofilm and its gain of drug resistance have become increasingly clear. Mainly including MAPK and cAMP-mediated signaling pathway and Bcr1 and Tec1 and other factors mediated transcriptional regulation. In addition, there is a close relationship between the formation of C. albicans biofilm and morphological transition and sexual reproduction. The genetic regulation mechanism of C. albicans biofilm formation was reviewed in this article. The regulation of cell wall-associated proteins, transcription factor and mating type on the process and the drug resistance mechanism of biofilm were mainly introduced.