一、引言伴随分析哲学的兴起,语言的意义演变为哲学研究的新正统,也由此使元伦理学研究的焦点转向了对道德语言的哲学分析。由艾耶尔、斯蒂文森、黑尔形塑的道德非认知主义传统代表了道德语言分析的典范。该理论主张,由于不存在所谓的道德事实,因此道德言辞的意义不在于道德叙事,而在于对主体情感态度的表达。与道德叙事主义(descriptivism)相比,道德非认知主义属于言语行动(speech act)意义理论。在它那里,任何道德句子都是执行对言语者情感态度表达的一个话语性行动,而不是对道德命题的言语表征。因此,“当我说某一种行动是善的或恶的时,我不是在进行任何事实性的陈述,甚至不是在对自己的心理事件进行陈述。我仅仅是在表达一定的道德情感”。(Ayer,p.110)由于完美地顺应了新正统的分析框架,并且为元伦理学分析开创了方法论的典范,道德非认知主义自产生之日起就备受关注和推崇,在此后三十年间里稳居主流。然而,20世纪50年代末60年代初,吉奇(P.T.Geach)在一系列论文中对道德非认知主义的意 I. INTRODUCTION Accompanied by the rise of analytical philosophy, the meaning of language has evolved into the new orthodoxy of philosophical research, and thus the focus of meta-ethics research has shifted to the philosophical analysis of moral language. The ethical non-cognitive tradition shaped by Ayer, Stevenson, and Hale represents an example of moral language analysis. The theory holds that since there is no so-called moral fact, the meaning of moral rhetoric lies not in moral narrative but in the expression of the attitude toward the subject. Compared with the descriptivism, moral non-cognitivism belongs to the theory of meaning of speech act. At it, any moral sentence is an act of discourse that performs the expression of the emotional attitude of the speaker, not the verbal representation of the moral proposition. So, “When I say that one action is good or evil, I am not making any factual statements, not even making statements about my own mental events.I am only expressing certain moral feelings ”. (Ayer, p.110) As a result of the perfect conformity with the neo-orthodox analysis framework and the creation of a methodological example for meta-ethics analysis, moral non-cognitivism has drawn much attention and esteem since its inception, Ten years in the mainstream. However, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, P.T.Geach in a series of dissertations on moral non-cognition