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乡村社会存在的换工与雇工现象反映了中国小农家庭式经营的生存策略,并折射出乡村社会内部农民群体之间的层级分化。换工行为是情感联结下农民间劳动力的一种实物交换,是农户家庭解决家庭劳动力不足的一种主动策略;雇工行为则体现为趋向分工的劳动力的货币交换,是否采用雇工劳动一方面取决于劳动本身的专业化程度,另一方面也折射出了在大流动背景下以及传统换工充满不确定性状况下中国小农的一种理性选择。现代化和市场化进程中农民间换工向雇工行为的转换,预示着乡村差序格局的网络状社会结构正走向弱化乃至解体,乡村社会必将进入团结方式的再造。
The phenomenon of labor exchange and employment in rural communities reflects the survival strategy of small-scale family-run Chinese peasants and reflects the hierarchical differentiation among peasant masses within rural communities. The exchange of workers is a kind of physical exchange of peasant labor under the emotional connection. It is an active strategy of peasant households to solve the problem of family labor shortage. The employment behavior is manifested as the currency exchange of the labor force that tends to the division of labor. The employment of labor depends on On the other hand, it reflects the rational choice of Chinese small-scale peasants under the background of large-scale liquidity and the uncertainties of traditional workers. In the process of modernization and marketization, the conversion of peasants and workers to workers’ employment indicates that the network-like social structure in the orderly structure of villages is weakening and even disintegrating, and rural society will surely enter a reengineering of solidarity.