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在英语中,it是一个非常小的词,毫不起眼。但其看似简单,实则是“麻雀虽小,五脏俱全”。它随处可见,指代范围广,词义也非常广泛。它既可作人称代词也可做非人称代词,既可以指时间和距离,也可指天气等自然现象,既可作形式主语也可以作形式宾语,还有其他的一些用法。
用法 指前文已提到的事物,避免重复。
如:I cannot find my watch, I must have lost it(指my watch).
用法 指代动植物,身份不明或性别不详的人。
如:The wife gave birth to a baby just now and it is very cute. (婴儿性别未知)
Someone burst into my house, but I have no idea who it is. (破门而入者身份不明)
用法 指上文或前文提到的情况。
如:I keep telling my students not to swim in the river for that is too dangerous, but it never makes sense. (it指前文提到的“我”告诉学生不要下河洗澡这一情况)
用法 用作无意义的主语或宾语,指时间、距离、环境、天气等自然现象,或笼统地谈论某种情况。
如:It was quiet in the classroom filled with 100 students. (环境)
It is 26℃ today with mild breeze. (天气)
It’s 2 years since he left home and was never heard. (时间)
It isn’t far away from his house to mine. (距离)
I cannot help it any more. (“爱莫能助”这种情况)
用法 用于某些固定用法或习语,如take it easy(放轻松), take it for granted (认为理所当然), believe it or not (信不信由你)等。
如:You can make it if you can concentrate on what you are doing. (成功;及时赶到)
If I cannot behave myself properly,I will catch it from my mother. (被责骂,受处罚)
注意:误用形式主语的几种情形
1. 在该用it的地方用其他的代词
例1 Is necessary to tell his father everything?
解析 it。此处很容易填成he,但此句要填的是形式主语it,真正主语是动词不定式to tell his father everything,it起到平衡句子,避免头重脚轻的作用。
2. 在不该用形式主语的地方误用形式主语
例2 must be something wrong with the machine.
解析 there。句意为“机器上肯定有什么(部件)坏了”,很明显考查的是there be句型和情态动词must连用的情形,此处容易填成it。
3. it,one和that的辨析。三者都可指前面提到的物,it指前面已经提到的人或事物本身,相当于于the(this/that/his ...)+名词;one指的是与前面提到的人或事物为同一类,相当于a/an+名词;that也指前面提到的事物本身,只是只能指物。
例3 (改错)The girl had a pen but she lent it to Mary, could you lend it to her ?
解析 把第二个it改为one。句意为“你能借给她一支吗”,这里一支不是指的女孩的笔,故不用it,而是一支跟女孩的笔一样的笔,故用one。
例4 The two girls are so alike that strangers find difficult to tell one from the other.
A. it B. them
C. her D. that
解析 A。考查it作形式宾语的用法。句意为:这两个小孩如此相像,以至于很难分辨出彼此。常用此结构的一般规律find/make/consider/suppose等+it+adj./n.+to do/that ...。
例5 The employment rate has continue to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase .
A. them B. those
C. it D. that
解析 C。句意为“由于当地政府的努力,大城市的就业率持续升高”。it指代前面交代过的the employment rate,是单数,而B、D二选项是复数,故选C。
例6 We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose based on your own interest.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
解析 C。句意为“在你们的假期里,我们这儿有各种暑期夏令营,你们可以根据自己的兴趣任选一个。”one代替单数可数名词,表泛指,此处泛指某个summer camp,故选C。
例7 —Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.
—What do you think of over there?
A. the one B. this
C. it D. that
解析 D。句意为“我真傻,想不起来自己的行李是什么样子了?”“你看看那边那个是不是你的?”指示代词that止时间和空间上较远的事物,this则相反。the one和it都特指前面曾经交代过的事物。根据over there,故选D。
It作形式宾语和形式主语
用法 当动词不定式、v-ing形式、从句等用作宾语且其后跟有补足语时,通常将真正宾语放在句末,前面用形式主语it。
如:He makes it a rule to get up before 6:00 in the morning.
用法 在某些动词短语的介词后接形式宾语it。
如:You may depend on it that I will turn up to pick you up.
用法 用于have it that(说,认为)、take it that(认为)等个别固定表达中。
如:Rumor has it that the city will be hit by a seasonal typhoon.
用法 当动词不定式、v-ing形式、从句等用作主语时,通常把真正的主语放在句末,用it作形式主语以平衡句子结构,避免“头重脚轻”。
如:It is important to protect our environment. (动词不定式作真正主语)
It does not matter what he says. (名词性从句作真正主语)
用法 某些动词如look,seem,appear,happen,occur,follow常用it做形式主语(后常跟that等引导的从句)。
如:It appears that we should work harder than before to achieve our goal.
It so happened that I had no money in my pocket.
用法 当系表结构后接有if或when引导的状语从句时,常用形式主语it表示说话人对某情况的看法和态度。
如:It was a great surprise when my mother turned up at my birthday party.
用法 在固定结构,如if it hadn’t been for, if it were not for, it is time that等后接虚拟语气。
如:If it hadn’t been for the doctor, he would have died.
If it were not for your help, I wouldn’t succeed.
I think it is time you went to bed.
It引导从句的几个误区
1. it做形式主语和强调句型的辨析。这是一个难点,同学们往往会混淆。“假设法”能有效解决这一难题。具体我们可以这么做:假设一个句子是强调句型,再通过检验对猜测加以论证。检验一个句子是否为强调句或强调句是否正确,只需去掉it is/was ... that结构,若句子的意思是完整的、清楚的,结构也是完整的,表明该句子是强调句,否则就不是。
例8 从括号内选择恰当的词完成句子。
(1)It was on a rainy day I came across him. (when/that) 我遇见他的时候正是一个雨天。
(2)It was a rainy day I came across him.(when/that) 我遇见他的时候正是一个雨天。
解析 (1)that (2)when
实例(1)中,on a rainy day是一个介词短语作时间状语。若填when,应该引导定语从句(when是关系副词),故应填that,是一个强调句,强调的是时间状语。【检验】实例(1)去掉强调句结构后为:I came across him for the first time on a rainy day。去掉强调句型基本结构后句子完整,选填正确。
实例(2),用假设法。假设其实一个强调句,句子变为:It was a rainy day that I came across him for the first time。【检验】去掉强调句型结构后,句子变为:I came across him for the first time a rainy day。句子结构不完整,选填错误。应用关系副词when引导定语从句。
2. it引导从句的易混句型辨析
(1)It引导的几个易混的与时间相关的句型。
①It is time/about time/high time/+that-clause句型中that后的从句应用虚拟语气。【注意】常用过去时态表示虚拟;有时也用should+动词原形,should不能省。常译为”该是(正是)……的时侯了……” 如:It is(about) time that we went/should go to school. 是到了该去上学的时候了。
②It is/was the first/second/...t ime+that-clause句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。该结构中that可以省去;it有时用this/that替换.常译为”是某人第……次做……”。
如:It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall last year. 去年是我第二次去长城旅游。
③It was/will be+一段时间(hours,days,years,etc.)+ before-clause常译为“某人做某事(某事发生)还有/还要多长时间”。
如:It was a long time before I got to sleep again last night. 昨晚我花了很长时间才再次去睡觉。
④It is/has been+一段时间(hours, days, years, etc)+since-clause常译为“自从/距某人做某事(某事发生)还有多久时间”。
如:It has been five years since I began to learn English. 从我开始学习英语算起已经5年了。
⑤It is/was+具体时间点+when-clause常译为“某人做某事(某事发生)是什么时候”。
如:It was five o’clock in the afternoon when they climbed up to the mountain. 他们爬到山顶的时候已经是下午5点整了。
(2)it引导的几个易混的与虚拟语气相关的句型。
①it is important/necessary/right/strange/natural ...that ... 句型中,that后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),should可以省略。
如:It is important that we should protect our environment for we have only one earth. 我们应该保护环境这一点很重要,因为我们只有一个地球。
②It is suggested/ordered/commanded/... that ... 主句中的过去分词是表示请求,建议,命令和要求等词时,that后的从句要用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),should 可以省略。常译为“据建议;有命令……”。
如:It is suggested that vegetables should be preserved in jars for the coming winter. 寒冬将至,据建议蔬菜应该腌制在坛子里。
③It is a pity a shame ... that ... 句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),should表示出乎意料,常译为”竟然”可省去,不需要表达这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。
如:It is a pity that he should give up such a valuable opportunity to go abroad. 他竟然放弃了一个那么珍贵的出国的机会,真是太可惜了。
用法 指前文已提到的事物,避免重复。
如:I cannot find my watch, I must have lost it(指my watch).
用法 指代动植物,身份不明或性别不详的人。
如:The wife gave birth to a baby just now and it is very cute. (婴儿性别未知)
Someone burst into my house, but I have no idea who it is. (破门而入者身份不明)
用法 指上文或前文提到的情况。
如:I keep telling my students not to swim in the river for that is too dangerous, but it never makes sense. (it指前文提到的“我”告诉学生不要下河洗澡这一情况)
用法 用作无意义的主语或宾语,指时间、距离、环境、天气等自然现象,或笼统地谈论某种情况。
如:It was quiet in the classroom filled with 100 students. (环境)
It is 26℃ today with mild breeze. (天气)
It’s 2 years since he left home and was never heard. (时间)
It isn’t far away from his house to mine. (距离)
I cannot help it any more. (“爱莫能助”这种情况)
用法 用于某些固定用法或习语,如take it easy(放轻松), take it for granted (认为理所当然), believe it or not (信不信由你)等。
如:You can make it if you can concentrate on what you are doing. (成功;及时赶到)
If I cannot behave myself properly,I will catch it from my mother. (被责骂,受处罚)
注意:误用形式主语的几种情形
1. 在该用it的地方用其他的代词
例1 Is necessary to tell his father everything?
解析 it。此处很容易填成he,但此句要填的是形式主语it,真正主语是动词不定式to tell his father everything,it起到平衡句子,避免头重脚轻的作用。
2. 在不该用形式主语的地方误用形式主语
例2 must be something wrong with the machine.
解析 there。句意为“机器上肯定有什么(部件)坏了”,很明显考查的是there be句型和情态动词must连用的情形,此处容易填成it。
3. it,one和that的辨析。三者都可指前面提到的物,it指前面已经提到的人或事物本身,相当于于the(this/that/his ...)+名词;one指的是与前面提到的人或事物为同一类,相当于a/an+名词;that也指前面提到的事物本身,只是只能指物。
例3 (改错)The girl had a pen but she lent it to Mary, could you lend it to her ?
解析 把第二个it改为one。句意为“你能借给她一支吗”,这里一支不是指的女孩的笔,故不用it,而是一支跟女孩的笔一样的笔,故用one。
例4 The two girls are so alike that strangers find difficult to tell one from the other.
A. it B. them
C. her D. that
解析 A。考查it作形式宾语的用法。句意为:这两个小孩如此相像,以至于很难分辨出彼此。常用此结构的一般规律find/make/consider/suppose等+it+adj./n.+to do/that ...。
例5 The employment rate has continue to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase .
A. them B. those
C. it D. that
解析 C。句意为“由于当地政府的努力,大城市的就业率持续升高”。it指代前面交代过的the employment rate,是单数,而B、D二选项是复数,故选C。
例6 We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose based on your own interest.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
解析 C。句意为“在你们的假期里,我们这儿有各种暑期夏令营,你们可以根据自己的兴趣任选一个。”one代替单数可数名词,表泛指,此处泛指某个summer camp,故选C。
例7 —Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.
—What do you think of over there?
A. the one B. this
C. it D. that
解析 D。句意为“我真傻,想不起来自己的行李是什么样子了?”“你看看那边那个是不是你的?”指示代词that止时间和空间上较远的事物,this则相反。the one和it都特指前面曾经交代过的事物。根据over there,故选D。
It作形式宾语和形式主语
用法 当动词不定式、v-ing形式、从句等用作宾语且其后跟有补足语时,通常将真正宾语放在句末,前面用形式主语it。
如:He makes it a rule to get up before 6:00 in the morning.
用法 在某些动词短语的介词后接形式宾语it。
如:You may depend on it that I will turn up to pick you up.
用法 用于have it that(说,认为)、take it that(认为)等个别固定表达中。
如:Rumor has it that the city will be hit by a seasonal typhoon.
用法 当动词不定式、v-ing形式、从句等用作主语时,通常把真正的主语放在句末,用it作形式主语以平衡句子结构,避免“头重脚轻”。
如:It is important to protect our environment. (动词不定式作真正主语)
It does not matter what he says. (名词性从句作真正主语)
用法 某些动词如look,seem,appear,happen,occur,follow常用it做形式主语(后常跟that等引导的从句)。
如:It appears that we should work harder than before to achieve our goal.
It so happened that I had no money in my pocket.
用法 当系表结构后接有if或when引导的状语从句时,常用形式主语it表示说话人对某情况的看法和态度。
如:It was a great surprise when my mother turned up at my birthday party.
用法 在固定结构,如if it hadn’t been for, if it were not for, it is time that等后接虚拟语气。
如:If it hadn’t been for the doctor, he would have died.
If it were not for your help, I wouldn’t succeed.
I think it is time you went to bed.
It引导从句的几个误区
1. it做形式主语和强调句型的辨析。这是一个难点,同学们往往会混淆。“假设法”能有效解决这一难题。具体我们可以这么做:假设一个句子是强调句型,再通过检验对猜测加以论证。检验一个句子是否为强调句或强调句是否正确,只需去掉it is/was ... that结构,若句子的意思是完整的、清楚的,结构也是完整的,表明该句子是强调句,否则就不是。
例8 从括号内选择恰当的词完成句子。
(1)It was on a rainy day I came across him. (when/that) 我遇见他的时候正是一个雨天。
(2)It was a rainy day I came across him.(when/that) 我遇见他的时候正是一个雨天。
解析 (1)that (2)when
实例(1)中,on a rainy day是一个介词短语作时间状语。若填when,应该引导定语从句(when是关系副词),故应填that,是一个强调句,强调的是时间状语。【检验】实例(1)去掉强调句结构后为:I came across him for the first time on a rainy day。去掉强调句型基本结构后句子完整,选填正确。
实例(2),用假设法。假设其实一个强调句,句子变为:It was a rainy day that I came across him for the first time。【检验】去掉强调句型结构后,句子变为:I came across him for the first time a rainy day。句子结构不完整,选填错误。应用关系副词when引导定语从句。
2. it引导从句的易混句型辨析
(1)It引导的几个易混的与时间相关的句型。
①It is time/about time/high time/+that-clause句型中that后的从句应用虚拟语气。【注意】常用过去时态表示虚拟;有时也用should+动词原形,should不能省。常译为”该是(正是)……的时侯了……” 如:It is(about) time that we went/should go to school. 是到了该去上学的时候了。
②It is/was the first/second/...t ime+that-clause句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。该结构中that可以省去;it有时用this/that替换.常译为”是某人第……次做……”。
如:It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall last year. 去年是我第二次去长城旅游。
③It was/will be+一段时间(hours,days,years,etc.)+ before-clause常译为“某人做某事(某事发生)还有/还要多长时间”。
如:It was a long time before I got to sleep again last night. 昨晚我花了很长时间才再次去睡觉。
④It is/has been+一段时间(hours, days, years, etc)+since-clause常译为“自从/距某人做某事(某事发生)还有多久时间”。
如:It has been five years since I began to learn English. 从我开始学习英语算起已经5年了。
⑤It is/was+具体时间点+when-clause常译为“某人做某事(某事发生)是什么时候”。
如:It was five o’clock in the afternoon when they climbed up to the mountain. 他们爬到山顶的时候已经是下午5点整了。
(2)it引导的几个易混的与虚拟语气相关的句型。
①it is important/necessary/right/strange/natural ...that ... 句型中,that后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),should可以省略。
如:It is important that we should protect our environment for we have only one earth. 我们应该保护环境这一点很重要,因为我们只有一个地球。
②It is suggested/ordered/commanded/... that ... 主句中的过去分词是表示请求,建议,命令和要求等词时,that后的从句要用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),should 可以省略。常译为“据建议;有命令……”。
如:It is suggested that vegetables should be preserved in jars for the coming winter. 寒冬将至,据建议蔬菜应该腌制在坛子里。
③It is a pity a shame ... that ... 句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should+动词原形),should表示出乎意料,常译为”竟然”可省去,不需要表达这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。
如:It is a pity that he should give up such a valuable opportunity to go abroad. 他竟然放弃了一个那么珍贵的出国的机会,真是太可惜了。