小说是叙事的艺术,以解读叙事文本为首任的叙事学研究为探索小说叙事奥秘,架起一座桥梁。自从法国文艺理论家 A·J 托多罗夫在《〈十日谈〉语法》中率先提出“叙事学”研究以来,西方的叙事学者一直摈弃社会历史和心理因素,着力探讨叙事作品的内部结构规律以及叙事各要素之间的关联。而在东方,以杨义先生为代表的中国学者则更强调从史学、文化的角度切入叙事分析。但无论东方还是西方的叙事研究,都承认并且强调叙事视角的重要地位,珀西·卢克伯甚至不无过激地宣称“在整个复杂的小说写作技巧中,……视角选择的恰当与否直接关系到小说的成败”。“视角”一词源于西方绘画的透视术语。美国学者亨利·詹姆斯率先将它系统地导入叙事学领域并规范地称之为“叙事视角”。所谓叙事视角,即叙述人陈述故事或事件的眼光、角度及态度。 Novels are the art of narration. With the interpretation of the narrative text as the first task of narratology, a bridge is set up to explore the mysteries of narration. Since the French literary theorist A. J Todorov took the lead in proposing the study of “narratology” in the grammar of “Ten-Day Talks,” western narratologists have always abandoned the social history and psychological factors and focused on the internal structure of narrative works Law and the relationship between the various elements of narrative. In the east, Chinese scholars represented by Mr. Yang Yi put more emphasis on the narrative analysis from the perspective of history and culture. However, both eastern and western narrative studies acknowledge and emphasize the importance of narrative perspectives. Percy Lukbol even does not without any exaggeration say that “in the entire complex of novel writing skills ... the proper choice of perspective is directly related to Success or failure of the novel. ” The term “perspective” derives from the perspective of Western painting. American scholar Henry James took the lead in systematically introducing it into the field of narratology and standardizing it as a “narrative perspective.” The so-called narrative perspective, the narrator’s statement of the story or event perspective, perspective and attitude.