近年研究发现骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者造血细胞膜因子受体后信号通路有多种异常,这些异常与恶性克隆细胞凋亡减少、恶性增殖和分化障碍有关.现对此研究进展进行综述.一、Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路1.正常造血中的Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路:许多促进增殖、抑制凋亡的细胞因子能激活Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK[又称促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein
A bi-layer photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cell(DSSC) was fabricated, in which TiO_2 hollow spheres(THSs) were designed as a scattering layer and P25/multi-