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谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看,可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前,而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前。
引起倒装的情况多种多样,倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种:
1.在疑问句中
例:How are you getting along with your work?
注:如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时,不发生倒装。
2.在there be 及其类似结构中
例:There are forty students in our class。
3.在表示祝愿的句子中
例:Long live the People's Republic of China!
4.在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were,had,should等词时,把were,had或should置于句首。例:Were there no air or water,there would be no life in the world。
5.在so,nor,neither或no more开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况,也适用于另一句中的主语。例如:This problem is not difficult and neither is that one。
6.在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中
这些词和词组通常有:rarely,never,scarcely,no sooner,little,few,hardly,seldom,at no time,in no way,on no account,nowhere,nobody,not only等。例如:
Visit our stores。Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains。
7.在强调表语时
例:Worst of all were the humiliations。
8.在强调宾语时
例:Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction。
注:当前置宾语由“not a 名词”或者“not a single 名词”构成时,也会引起倒装。例如:Alice had a terrible time touring that country。Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel。
9.在强调状语时
(1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例:Up went the plane。
注:如果主语是代词,则不发生倒装。例如:Out they rushed!
(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,句子须倒装。例如:Round the corner walked a large policeman。
(3)当句首状语由“only 副词”,“only 介词词组”,“only 状语从句”构成时,句子须倒装。例如:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing。
There were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end。
(4)当句首状语为here,there,now,then等时,句子须倒装,主语是代词时,句子不用倒装。例如:Here is a ticket for you。
(5)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中,句子须倒装。例如:So small was the mark that I could hardly see it。
注:在该结构中,“so 形容词”是表语的前置,“so 副词”是状语的前置。
10.在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟asked Mary,answered John,said the old lady,grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中,动词常放在主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装。例如:①“What do you mean?”asked Henry。②“What do you mean?”he asked。
11. often,many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如:Often did they think of going there,but they never had a chance。
12.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中
在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如:
Small as the atom is,we can smash it。
(作者单位:835800新疆新源县第二中学)
引起倒装的情况多种多样,倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种:
1.在疑问句中
例:How are you getting along with your work?
注:如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时,不发生倒装。
2.在there be 及其类似结构中
例:There are forty students in our class。
3.在表示祝愿的句子中
例:Long live the People's Republic of China!
4.在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中
这类句子中有were,had,should等词时,把were,had或should置于句首。例:Were there no air or water,there would be no life in the world。
5.在so,nor,neither或no more开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况,也适用于另一句中的主语。例如:This problem is not difficult and neither is that one。
6.在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中
这些词和词组通常有:rarely,never,scarcely,no sooner,little,few,hardly,seldom,at no time,in no way,on no account,nowhere,nobody,not only等。例如:
Visit our stores。Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains。
7.在强调表语时
例:Worst of all were the humiliations。
8.在强调宾语时
例:Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction。
注:当前置宾语由“not a 名词”或者“not a single 名词”构成时,也会引起倒装。例如:Alice had a terrible time touring that country。Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel。
9.在强调状语时
(1)当句首状语为方位词或拟声词,谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例:Up went the plane。
注:如果主语是代词,则不发生倒装。例如:Out they rushed!
(2)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时,句子须倒装。例如:Round the corner walked a large policeman。
(3)当句首状语由“only 副词”,“only 介词词组”,“only 状语从句”构成时,句子须倒装。例如:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing。
There were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end。
(4)当句首状语为here,there,now,then等时,句子须倒装,主语是代词时,句子不用倒装。例如:Here is a ticket for you。
(5)以关联词so (…that)开头的句子中,句子须倒装。例如:So small was the mark that I could hardly see it。
注:在该结构中,“so 形容词”是表语的前置,“so 副词”是状语的前置。
10.在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟asked Mary,answered John,said the old lady,grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中,动词常放在主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装。例如:①“What do you mean?”asked Henry。②“What do you mean?”he asked。
11. often,many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时
例如:Often did they think of going there,but they never had a chance。
12.在as,though引导的让步状语从句中
在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如:
Small as the atom is,we can smash it。
(作者单位:835800新疆新源县第二中学)