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本文试图说明,作为《国家篇》核心论题的正义理论,主要是通过技艺论证得以阐明的。技艺论证的范围应比通常理解的更宽泛,它既包括了功能论证,也包括了理性思辨。此论证应视作一个贯穿全书的基础性架构,它先是把正义的对象从个别事物扩展到世界整体,进而从灵魂秩序中为正义找到了一个自然基础,最后把灵魂正义和城邦正义统一起来。借助于对这一论证的分析,可以解决柏拉图正义理论中所谓的“工具性困难”。
This article tries to show that the theory of justice, which is the core issue of “national articles,” is mainly clarified through technical demonstration. The scope of technical argument should be broader than usually understood, it includes both functional argument, but also includes rational speculation. This argument should be regarded as a basic framework throughout the book. First, it extends the object of justice from individual things to the whole world, and then finds a natural foundation for justice from the spiritual order. Finally, it unifies the soul justice and city justice. By analyzing this argument, we can solve the so-called “instrumental difficulties” in Platonic theory of justice.