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通济堰灌区位于今浙江丽水市境内的碧湖盆地。由于灌溉用水分配、堰坝及其支渠维修、水利事务管理及运作等需要,灌区形成了系统的管理体制:(1)至迟至南宋初期,灌区依据户等高下和田亩多寡形成堰首—上田户—甲头—(?)头—叶穴头等以地主阶层为首的管理形态,其中赤历、堰簿的使用,可能借用了官府户籍赋役系统的某些渠道,但并未与赋役体系融汇,而保持相对独立的状态。(2)明代,灌区的管理体制表现为堰长—总正—公正制,其基础则是官府的里甲赋役系统。此种体制之形成,与地主、田户离土城居而导致灌区领导权的空缺密不可分。灌区管理体制受赋役体系影响的趋势明显加强。(3)清代以降,随着赋役制度的变革和“乡绅群体”的形成,灌区确立以“乡绅”为主体的总理、董事制。“乡绅”凭藉自身地位及官府之授权,介入“水利”事务,并通过水利秩序之建立与维系,重构地方秩序,突显自身在地方社会中的权威。通济堰灌区管理体制的形成及其演变,受到王朝国家的地方控制方式特别是赋役制度、当地土地占有方式、地方社会的内在脉络等诸种因素的影响或制约,是诸种因素共同作用的结果。
Tongji Irrigation Irrigation District is located in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province within the Avon Basin. Due to the need of irrigation water allocation, barrage and its branch canal maintenance, water affairs management and operation, the irrigation system formed a systematic management system: (1) As of the early Southern Song Dynasty, The use of red calendar and weirs books may have borrowed some channels from official residence and administration systems, but did not melt with the corpus system of administration Exchange, while maintaining a relatively independent state. (2) In the Ming Dynasty, the management system of irrigated areas showed weir length-total positive-fairness system, and its foundation was the official liar system. The formation of such a system, with the landlord, Tadu leaving the city of residence leading to irrational leadership of irrigation vacancies are inseparable. Irrigation system management system by the tax system significantly strengthened the trend. (3) In the Qing Dynasty, with the reform of the tax system and the formation of the “squire gentry,” the irrigated area established the prime minister and the board of directors with the “gentry” as its main body. “Country gentry ” by virtue of its own position and the authority of the government involved in “water” affairs, and through the establishment and maintenance of water conservancy order, reorganization of local order, highlighting its own authority in local society. The formation and evolution of the management system of Tongji Irrigation District is affected or restricted by various factors such as the local control methods of the dynastic countries, especially the taxation system, the way of local land occupation, and the internal context of local society, all of which play a joint role result.