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[摘要] 目的 建立和优化大肠癌患者肿瘤类器官培养体系,为研究阻断Wnt信号治疗大肠癌提供新模型。 方法 选择大肠癌患者18例,收集癌组织及癌旁组织配对标本。采用定量PCR测定癌组织和癌旁组织Wnt3 mRNA和肠干细胞标记分子Lgr5、Ascl2的表达水平。术中采集肿瘤组织,使用类器官培养基培养肿瘤类器官。使用Wnt信号抑制剂IWP-2处理肿瘤类器官,观察IWP-2对肿瘤类器官形态、生长等的影响。 结果 定量PCR表明,与癌旁组织相比,肿瘤组织中的Wnt3表达水平较高[分别为(1.00±0.08)和(2.99±0.27),P<0.01]。癌旁组织和肿瘤组织Lgr5 [分别为(1.00±0.05)和(5.63±1.80),P<0.01)]、Ascl2[分别为(1.00±0.39)和(4.03±0.33),P<0.05]的表达水平也较高。IWP-2处理可显著抑制肿瘤类器官生长[未处理和处理后类器官面积分别为(10.02±1.34)×104 m2和(2.97±0.62)×104 m2,P<0.01]。 结论 Wnt信号通路激活和大肠癌发生密切相关,抑制Wnt信号可有效抑制肿瘤细胞生长,可能是治疗大肠癌的一种有效方法。肿瘤类器官可以作为筛选大肠癌治疗药物的一种模型。
[关键词] 大肠癌;类器官;Wnt信号;抑制剂
[中图分类号] R735.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2016)27-0005-04
Feasibility of human tumor-like organ studying the inhibition of wnt signal in the treatment of colorectal cancer
ZHA Juanmin LIN Qian LI Huashan HE Weiqi ZHOU Xiumin
Department of Oncology, Suzhou University Affiliated First Hospital, Suzhou 215006, China
[Abstract] Objective To establish and optimize a tumor-like organ culture system in the patients with colorectal cancer and to provide a new model for the study of inhibiting Wnt signaling in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Methods 18 patients with colorectal cancer were selected, and matched specimens of cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were collected. The expression levels of Wnt3 mRNA and marker molecules of intestinal stem cells of Lgr5 and Ascl2 in cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were determined by quantitative PCR. Tumor tissue was harvested during the operation, and tumor-like organs were cultured in organ-like medium. The effect of IWP-2 on the morphology and growth of tumor-like organs was observed by using Wnt signaling inhibitor IWP-2 for tumor-like organs. Results It was shown by quantitative PCR that Wnt3 expression was higher in tumor tissues than that in para-carcinoma tissues(1.00±0.08, and 2.99±0.27, respectively, P<0.01). The expression level of Lgr5[(1.0±0.05) and (5.63±1.80), P<0.01, respectively] and Ascl2[(1.00±0.39) and (4.03±0.33), P<0.05] was also higher in the para-carcinoma tissues and tumor tissues. the growth of tumor-like organs [(10.02±1.34)×104 m2 and(2.97±0.62) ×104 m2, P<0.01] were significantly inhibited by IWP-2 treatment. Conclusion The activation of Wnt signaling pathway is closely related to the development of colorectal carcinoma. Inhibition of Wnt signaling can effectively inhibit the growth of tumor cells, which may be an effective method for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Tumor-like organs can be used as a model of drug for colorectal cancer. [Key words] Colorectal cancer; Tumor-like organ; Wnt signal; Inhibitor
Wnt/β-catenin信号通路是调控肠上皮干细胞(intestinal stem cell,ISC)增殖和分化的关键信号[1,2]。结直肠肿瘤是目前常见的恶性肿瘤之一。肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cell,IEC)转变为肠癌细胞和一系列促癌因子的激活和抑癌因子失活密切相关。肠癌发生的促发大多由Wnt信号通路的关键蛋白APC和β-catenin的突变引起,此信号通路突变后导致β-catenin的稳定和随后的β-catenin/Tcf复合物的持续转录激活,激发了干细胞的增殖和转化,导致腺瘤的发生[1,3,4]。Wnt信号通路的激活刺激肠干细胞因子的表达,促进肠干细胞增殖和癌变,是大肠癌发生的关键原因,也可能是有效治疗大肠癌的靶点[5,6]。然而目前对大肠癌的研究多采用体外细胞系培养或者小鼠模型,缺乏原代培养的大肠癌模型。本研究检测了癌组织和癌旁组织Wnt3和肠干细胞标记分子Lgr5、Ascl2的表达水平,证实了肠癌组织中Wnt信号通路相关分子Wnt3表达上升,提示肠癌组织中Wnt信号活化。干细胞标记分子Lgr5和Ascl2表达上升。Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,促进了肠上皮细胞的增殖和癌变。本研究建立了结肠肿瘤患者结肠类器官(organoids)培养体系,将对大肠癌患者的肿瘤组织进行长期培养,并且与患者组织高度相似。使用Wnt信号抑制剂IWP-2处理结肠肿瘤类器官,本研究进一步发现IWP-2可抑制大肠癌类器官的生长。Wnt信号抑制剂有治疗大肠癌的潜能。本研究利用大肠癌类器官,探讨了阻断Wnt信号通路治疗结直肠肿瘤的可行性,大肠癌类器官可以作为一个研究大肠癌发生机制、筛选治疗大肠癌药物的模型,为今后推动临床预防和治疗大肠癌提供理论依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择苏州大学附属第一医院2015年1月~2016年1月收治的大肠癌患者18例,年龄30~78岁(中位数50岁)。收集癌组织和癌旁组织各18份。
1.2 患者组织中基因表达检测
收集大肠癌患者癌组织和癌旁正常组织,使用TRIzol(Invitrogen)提取总RNA,逆转录合成cDNA(iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit,Bio-Rad,体系为5×iScript Reaction Mix,4 μl;iScript Reverse Transcriptase,1 μL; RNA template,1 μL;H2O,14 μL。实时荧光定量PCR反应体系如下:2×SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 12.5 μL;引物,2.0 μL;cDNA template,1.0 μL;灭菌水,9.5 μL;共25 μL。反应条件为:95℃ 30 s,55℃ 30 s,72℃ 60 s,40个循环(Thermo Fisher,4309155)。采用GAPDH作为内参和Comparative Delta-delta Ct法对目的基因进行相对定量。所用实时定量PCR仪为CFX96(Bio-rad),所用试剂SYBR Green Realtime PCR Master Mix购自Toyobo。GAPDH,forward primer:5’-GGA GCG AGA TCC CTC CAA AAT-3’,reverse primer:5’-GGC TGT TGT CAT ACT TCT CAT GG-3’。Wnt3,forward primer: 5’-CTC GCT GGC TAC CCA ATT TG-3’,reverse primer:5’-AGG CTG TCA TCT ATG GTG GTG-3’。Lgr5,forward primer:5’-CTC CCA GGT CTG GTG TGT TG-3’,reverse primer:5’- GAG GTC TAG GTA GGA GGT GAA G-3’。Ascl2,forward primer:5’-CCC TCC AGC AGC TCA AGT TA-3’,reverse primer:5’-GGC ACC AAC ACT TGG AGA TT-3’。
1.3 大肠癌肿瘤组织的分离
对苏州大学附属第一医院大肠癌患者,术中开腹后取1~2 cm肠段,投入含有青霉素和链霉素的PBS(不含Ca2 、Mg2 )缓冲液中,迅速带回实验室进行操作。纵向切开肠管,经过反复漂洗后,再横向切成约1.0 cm×1.0 cm的小块。组织黏膜层朝上,用大头针固定在有机硅树脂包被的培养皿上。加上4°C预冷Ca2 、Mg2 螯合溶液(含有2 mM EDTA的PBS),将整个培养皿置于冰上,摇动30 min。将螯合溶液换成PBS之后,在体视镜下,用手术镊将黏膜层从黏膜下层和连接组织轻轻刮离。小心将分离出来的黏膜层移到50 mL离心管,150 g,4°C 离心5 min,弃上清后用5 mL PBS重悬,轻轻吹打几次。取20 μL溶液到载玻片上,在显微镜下观察计算个数。
1.4 大肠癌肿瘤类器官立体培养
将含有大肠癌组织的溶液150 g,4°C 离心10 min,弃上清,再用基质胶(Matrigel,Basement Membrane Matrix)重悬[(200~500)个小组织块/50 μL Matrigel)]。将含有肿瘤组织的Matrigel滴于未加培养基的空白24孔板正中间,每孔50 μL。将24孔板放入37°C培养箱中。30 min后等Matrigel聚合成固态(Matrigel 4℃时为液态,室温下发生聚合而转变为固态),取出,加入含有多种生长因子的人类器官培养基(基础培养基组成:Advanced DMEM/F12,加入2 mM glutamine,10 mM HEPES,100 U/mL penicillin,100 g/mL streptomycin,2.5 μg/mL Fungizone,1×N2 supplement,1×B27 supplement。使用前添加:100 ng/mL Wnt3a,250 ng/mL R-spondin 1,100 ng/mL Noggin,50 ng/mL EGF,500 nM A-83-01,10 μM SB202190,10 nM[Leu]15-Gastrin 1, 1 mM N-Acetylcysteine 和10 mM Nicotinamide)。Matrigel购自BD Biosciences,培养基购自Invitrogen,生长因子购自PeproTech和R
[关键词] 大肠癌;类器官;Wnt信号;抑制剂
[中图分类号] R735.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2016)27-0005-04
Feasibility of human tumor-like organ studying the inhibition of wnt signal in the treatment of colorectal cancer
ZHA Juanmin LIN Qian LI Huashan HE Weiqi ZHOU Xiumin
Department of Oncology, Suzhou University Affiliated First Hospital, Suzhou 215006, China
[Abstract] Objective To establish and optimize a tumor-like organ culture system in the patients with colorectal cancer and to provide a new model for the study of inhibiting Wnt signaling in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Methods 18 patients with colorectal cancer were selected, and matched specimens of cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were collected. The expression levels of Wnt3 mRNA and marker molecules of intestinal stem cells of Lgr5 and Ascl2 in cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues were determined by quantitative PCR. Tumor tissue was harvested during the operation, and tumor-like organs were cultured in organ-like medium. The effect of IWP-2 on the morphology and growth of tumor-like organs was observed by using Wnt signaling inhibitor IWP-2 for tumor-like organs. Results It was shown by quantitative PCR that Wnt3 expression was higher in tumor tissues than that in para-carcinoma tissues(1.00±0.08, and 2.99±0.27, respectively, P<0.01). The expression level of Lgr5[(1.0±0.05) and (5.63±1.80), P<0.01, respectively] and Ascl2[(1.00±0.39) and (4.03±0.33), P<0.05] was also higher in the para-carcinoma tissues and tumor tissues. the growth of tumor-like organs [(10.02±1.34)×104 m2 and(2.97±0.62) ×104 m2, P<0.01] were significantly inhibited by IWP-2 treatment. Conclusion The activation of Wnt signaling pathway is closely related to the development of colorectal carcinoma. Inhibition of Wnt signaling can effectively inhibit the growth of tumor cells, which may be an effective method for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Tumor-like organs can be used as a model of drug for colorectal cancer. [Key words] Colorectal cancer; Tumor-like organ; Wnt signal; Inhibitor
Wnt/β-catenin信号通路是调控肠上皮干细胞(intestinal stem cell,ISC)增殖和分化的关键信号[1,2]。结直肠肿瘤是目前常见的恶性肿瘤之一。肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cell,IEC)转变为肠癌细胞和一系列促癌因子的激活和抑癌因子失活密切相关。肠癌发生的促发大多由Wnt信号通路的关键蛋白APC和β-catenin的突变引起,此信号通路突变后导致β-catenin的稳定和随后的β-catenin/Tcf复合物的持续转录激活,激发了干细胞的增殖和转化,导致腺瘤的发生[1,3,4]。Wnt信号通路的激活刺激肠干细胞因子的表达,促进肠干细胞增殖和癌变,是大肠癌发生的关键原因,也可能是有效治疗大肠癌的靶点[5,6]。然而目前对大肠癌的研究多采用体外细胞系培养或者小鼠模型,缺乏原代培养的大肠癌模型。本研究检测了癌组织和癌旁组织Wnt3和肠干细胞标记分子Lgr5、Ascl2的表达水平,证实了肠癌组织中Wnt信号通路相关分子Wnt3表达上升,提示肠癌组织中Wnt信号活化。干细胞标记分子Lgr5和Ascl2表达上升。Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,促进了肠上皮细胞的增殖和癌变。本研究建立了结肠肿瘤患者结肠类器官(organoids)培养体系,将对大肠癌患者的肿瘤组织进行长期培养,并且与患者组织高度相似。使用Wnt信号抑制剂IWP-2处理结肠肿瘤类器官,本研究进一步发现IWP-2可抑制大肠癌类器官的生长。Wnt信号抑制剂有治疗大肠癌的潜能。本研究利用大肠癌类器官,探讨了阻断Wnt信号通路治疗结直肠肿瘤的可行性,大肠癌类器官可以作为一个研究大肠癌发生机制、筛选治疗大肠癌药物的模型,为今后推动临床预防和治疗大肠癌提供理论依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择苏州大学附属第一医院2015年1月~2016年1月收治的大肠癌患者18例,年龄30~78岁(中位数50岁)。收集癌组织和癌旁组织各18份。
1.2 患者组织中基因表达检测
收集大肠癌患者癌组织和癌旁正常组织,使用TRIzol(Invitrogen)提取总RNA,逆转录合成cDNA(iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit,Bio-Rad,体系为5×iScript Reaction Mix,4 μl;iScript Reverse Transcriptase,1 μL; RNA template,1 μL;H2O,14 μL。实时荧光定量PCR反应体系如下:2×SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, 12.5 μL;引物,2.0 μL;cDNA template,1.0 μL;灭菌水,9.5 μL;共25 μL。反应条件为:95℃ 30 s,55℃ 30 s,72℃ 60 s,40个循环(Thermo Fisher,4309155)。采用GAPDH作为内参和Comparative Delta-delta Ct法对目的基因进行相对定量。所用实时定量PCR仪为CFX96(Bio-rad),所用试剂SYBR Green Realtime PCR Master Mix购自Toyobo。GAPDH,forward primer:5’-GGA GCG AGA TCC CTC CAA AAT-3’,reverse primer:5’-GGC TGT TGT CAT ACT TCT CAT GG-3’。Wnt3,forward primer: 5’-CTC GCT GGC TAC CCA ATT TG-3’,reverse primer:5’-AGG CTG TCA TCT ATG GTG GTG-3’。Lgr5,forward primer:5’-CTC CCA GGT CTG GTG TGT TG-3’,reverse primer:5’- GAG GTC TAG GTA GGA GGT GAA G-3’。Ascl2,forward primer:5’-CCC TCC AGC AGC TCA AGT TA-3’,reverse primer:5’-GGC ACC AAC ACT TGG AGA TT-3’。
1.3 大肠癌肿瘤组织的分离
对苏州大学附属第一医院大肠癌患者,术中开腹后取1~2 cm肠段,投入含有青霉素和链霉素的PBS(不含Ca2 、Mg2 )缓冲液中,迅速带回实验室进行操作。纵向切开肠管,经过反复漂洗后,再横向切成约1.0 cm×1.0 cm的小块。组织黏膜层朝上,用大头针固定在有机硅树脂包被的培养皿上。加上4°C预冷Ca2 、Mg2 螯合溶液(含有2 mM EDTA的PBS),将整个培养皿置于冰上,摇动30 min。将螯合溶液换成PBS之后,在体视镜下,用手术镊将黏膜层从黏膜下层和连接组织轻轻刮离。小心将分离出来的黏膜层移到50 mL离心管,150 g,4°C 离心5 min,弃上清后用5 mL PBS重悬,轻轻吹打几次。取20 μL溶液到载玻片上,在显微镜下观察计算个数。
1.4 大肠癌肿瘤类器官立体培养
将含有大肠癌组织的溶液150 g,4°C 离心10 min,弃上清,再用基质胶(Matrigel,Basement Membrane Matrix)重悬[(200~500)个小组织块/50 μL Matrigel)]。将含有肿瘤组织的Matrigel滴于未加培养基的空白24孔板正中间,每孔50 μL。将24孔板放入37°C培养箱中。30 min后等Matrigel聚合成固态(Matrigel 4℃时为液态,室温下发生聚合而转变为固态),取出,加入含有多种生长因子的人类器官培养基(基础培养基组成:Advanced DMEM/F12,加入2 mM glutamine,10 mM HEPES,100 U/mL penicillin,100 g/mL streptomycin,2.5 μg/mL Fungizone,1×N2 supplement,1×B27 supplement。使用前添加:100 ng/mL Wnt3a,250 ng/mL R-spondin 1,100 ng/mL Noggin,50 ng/mL EGF,500 nM A-83-01,10 μM SB202190,10 nM[Leu]15-Gastrin 1, 1 mM N-Acetylcysteine 和10 mM Nicotinamide)。Matrigel购自BD Biosciences,培养基购自Invitrogen,生长因子购自PeproTech和R