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美国百年以来的少年司法模式的显著特征表现在福利和惩罚之间进行着钟摆式的往复震荡。以“儿童最大利益”和非正式程序为特征的少年司法福利模式在犯罪率增长的背景下逐步转型,强硬化、正当程序和严罚思想挑战着少年司法存在的正当性。进入新世纪以来,这种钟摆式政策调整最终形成了美国少年司法惩罚·福利模式。在这种二元模式下,刑事司法和少年司法相互交错,形成了既认同儿童福利和少年保护、又关注社会危害性和可责性的糅合程序。同时,在福利重构方面体现在少年司法对社会福利机构和父母责任的强调。
The remarkable feature of the juvenile justice model in the United States over the past hundred years is a pendulum-like reciprocation between welfare and punishment. The model of juvenile justice and welfare, characterized by “the best interests of the child” and informal procedures, has gradually transformed itself under the background of the increase in the crime rate. Stronger, due process and strict punishment challenge the legitimacy of juvenile justice. Since the beginning of the new century, this pendulum policy adjustment has finally formed the model of juvenile justice and welfare in the United States. Under such a dual model, criminal justice and juvenile justice are intertwined, forming a blending process that recognizes both child welfare and juvenile protection and focuses on the harmfulness and accountability of the community. At the same time, the emphasis on welfare reform is reflected in juvenile justice’s emphasis on social welfare agencies and parental responsibilities.