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本文探讨了20世纪史学理论与方法论中的新趋势。对近代西方史学和中国史学建立过程的简单回溯可以表明,科学在史学近代化中起到了决定性的作用;表面上看来不言自明的学科分界,实际上是各门类知识相互影响的产物。以往学者对于历史学是否科学的争论,往往囿于辨析史学和科学的本质及异同。本文则试图勾勒20世纪史学自然科学化、社会科学化的具体进程和内容,并追溯科学史和科学观念的变迁,希望这一新视角能为“史学是否科学”的讨论提供目前为止尚被忽略的材料。作者认为,史学理论和方法除按照内在理路变迁之外,更受到科学革命和科学认识论的影响。因此,历史学应该不断了解并反思其他学科的理论和方法,成为一门开放的学问。
This article explores the new trends in the theory and methodology of historiography in the twentieth century. The simple backtracking of the history of Western historiography and the establishment of Chinese historiography shows that science played a decisive role in the modernization of historiography. It seems self-evident that the demarcation of disciplines is actually a product of the mutual influence of different kinds of knowledge. In the past scholars argue whether the history of science is controversial, often indistinguishable from the essence of history and science and similarities and differences. This paper attempts to outline the specific process and content of natural science and socialization of historiography in the 20th century and to trace the changes of the history of science and science. We hope that this new perspective can provide the basis for the discussion of whether history is science or not Neglected material. The author believes that the theories and methods of history are influenced by the scientific revolution and scientific epistemology in addition to their internal changes. Therefore, history should continuously understand and reflect on the theories and methods of other disciplines and become an open learning.