论文部分内容阅读
张之洞在 1 9世纪末形成了新型的“大商务”观 ,提出“以商劝工”并极力扶助新式商人群体。在错综复杂的中外矛盾和官、商、民群体的利益纠葛中 ,他兴商学 ,开商智 ,鼓商情 ,减商负 ,集商力 ,并允许商人形成“自组织”,进而主张制定新型法律以规范商人行为和保护商人利益。张氏对外商的种种不合理要求与行动作了抵制 ,支持华商与外商竞争 ;他还反对商业活动中的垄断把持、欺诈作伪和地方保护主义 ;在铁路政策上则主张股本、盈利“官民各半”
At the end of the nineteenth century, Chang Chih-tung formed a new concept of “big business,” proposing “merchants advised people” and strongly supported new business groups. In the intricate conflicts between China and other countries and the entanglement of interests of officials, businessmen and people, he was encouraged to study business, open business intelligence, encourage business, reduce trade and business losses, allow businesspeople to form “self-organization” and then advocate the formulation of new laws To regulate business practices and protect the interests of businessmen. Zhang also boycotted the unreasonable demands and actions of foreign businessmen and supported the competition between Chinese businessmen and foreign businessmen. He also opposed monopoly control over commercial activities, fraud and local protectionism. On the railway policy, he advocated that capital and profit half"