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上世纪40年代,侵华日军在浙江衢州进行了罪恶的细菌战,千万个生灵遭到涂炭。近年来,三位受害者后人矢志建立“侵华日军衢州细菌战受害者纪念馆”,把日本军国主义的滔天罪行钉在历史的耻辱柱上。今年清明,侵华日军细菌战受害者纪念馆在衢州市罗汉井正式开馆。
一
这是一个小小的纪念馆,面积不过30余平方米;这是一个简陋的纪念馆,陈列柜、桌凳都来自衢州市博物馆、体育局等单位的资助;展出的许多图片、文字,都是原始资料,没有华丽的放大照片和像样的展板。但纪念馆展出的主题集中而突出,分别为“以史为鉴,勿忘国耻”、“铁铸的事实”、“历史的见证”、“正义的呼声”、“血泪的控诉”、“危害在继续”等10个展块。所有的这些展出内容,全部由衢州日寇细菌战三位受害者后人一手操办或亲手绘就的。
纪念馆越是朴素越令人深思。这里展出的“731细菌部队的罪行”、“衢州的深重灾难”、“为尊严而斗争”、“正义的呼声”等几部分内容,其中不少图文资料是由美国、加拿大、日本等国外友人提供的。其中有张照片,是6名日本飞行员在飞机前的合影,照片的说明这样写道:“就是这名飞行员增田美保,他在1940年10月4日飞到衢州上空撒布细菌,犯下滔天罪行。”老人杨大方说,这张照片是日本友人从日本寄来的,这表明日本人民对军国主义也是十分憎恨的。由细菌战受害者的代理律师楼献绘制的《衢县1940至1941年鼠疫死亡户主要分布图》挂在纪念馆正中位置;1029名死难者名单也挂在外墙。在纪念馆里我们看到由74岁老人毛文耀提供的一只老箱子,老箱子写有“浙衢老万泰昌记”,这个老箱子是毛文耀姐姐毛荣英当年的嫁妆。1942年冬,他姐姐正准备结婚,没想到就在结婚的前几天染上了鼠疫传染病,几天时间两位姐姐都死去了!因为不敢声张,家人便连夜偷偷地将两位姐姐的尸体用白布包裹后运郊外深埋了。
纪念馆还有1940年12月13日首次披露衢州细菌战受害情况的《东南日报》,王选、土屋公献、一漱敬一郎等人签名的《侵华日军对衢州空投鼠疫菌造成平民死亡的鉴定书》、半个多世纪饱受烂脚之痛的衢江区徐雨生老人的悲情陈述以及2001年衢州3万多人签名的声援受害者名单等等。据杨大方介绍,2003年他与侵华日军细菌战中国受害者诉讼原告团团长王选、朝鲜慰安妇、衢州细菌战受害者许家燮等人去了加拿大,在加拿大和平和解学习团中,他第一次和《美国的华人:一部叙述史》《南京大屠杀》作者、美国华裔女作家张纯如见面,足足和张纯如讲了3个多小时的关于日寇在衢州进行细菌战的事情。不想一年后,张纯如竟自杀了。此刻面对纪念馆中她留下的照片,人们只能寄托无尽的哀思。
二
“衢州夜静时,人莫敢独行。钟楼上有鬼,头上一角,相貌狞恶,闻人行声即下。人驰而奔,鬼亦遂去,然见之则病,且多死者。又城中一塘,夜出白布一匹,如匹练横地。过者捡之,即卷入水。又有鸭鬼,夜既静,塘边并寂无一物,若闻鸭声,人即病。”这是一则在衢州地区妇孺皆知的 “衢州三怪”故事。当然,数百年来谁也没有见到故事里的鬼怪,直到公元1940年10月4日,衢州百姓才真正相信,这些恶鬼是有的,他们就叫“日本鬼子”。他们杀人放火,无恶不作:1937年9月26日,衢州遭到了日军飞机的狂轰滥炸,房屋被炸毁100余间,死亡165人;1940年10月4日上午9点,侵华日军飞机从东北方向向衢城飞来,快速俯冲至200—300米低空,即沿着城西的西安门、上营街、下营街、水亭街、县西街、美俗坊等居民区撒下大批麦粒、黄豆、粟米、碎布、棉花、跳蚤、小纸包(每包约有十只跳蚤)及宣传单等,这些物品全部带鼠疫菌和含霍乱菌;10月10日后,在衢城的上营街、下营街、天皇巷、县西街、宁绍巷等居民区陆续发现死鼠(自毙鼠),同时患急症死亡的人也越来越多,“死者患急病期间均有高热、畏寒、腋下淋巴结肿痛等症状。”1940年11月22日《东南日报》报道:“衢发现鼠疫,死亡人数已达10余人。”1941年,日军疯狂地日夜轰炸衢城,居民被迫疏散农村,疫情不断扩散,至12月末,鼠疫病情已蔓延至全城58条街巷、13个乡镇,2000多人患了鼠疫而死,病死率达97.5%,衢州城乡陷入一片惶恐之中,火车、汽车途经衢州概不停靠,饱受蹂躏的衢州自此商店停业、学校停课,居民也普遍紧闭门户。
1942年5月,侵华日军发动了一场大规模的浙赣战役,在惨无人道的烧杀、奸淫、掳掠后,于8月19日撤退。8月20日,日本细菌战的一支远征队(由“731”细菌部队120人,“南京荣字1644”细菌部队36人组成。)到达衢州。8月25日,日军细菌战首犯石井四郎亲到衢州部署细菌战具体作战计划。自26日—31日的六天内,石井一方面派飞机在中国军事阵地及防区空投带鼠疫菌的跳蚤,另一方面又派细菌战部队随同地面部队一边撤退,一边撒播细菌,在沿途各城乡居民水井、水塘、食品中撒播大量的伤寒病菌、炭疽菌、鼠疫及带鼠疫的跳蚤等,于是衢州沿浙赣线的各县城乡居民区相继暴发鼠疫、霍乱、伤寒、副伤寒、痢疾、疟疾、疥疱、脓疱疮、炭疽等传染病。1942年,《衢龙两县志》编辑展开了为时两个月的实地调查,撰写《千年古城万家仇》一文,以活生生的事实将日军细菌战的罪行真相告白于天下。自1940年—1948年的八年中,衢州传染病患者达30万人以上,病死者在5万人以上。衢州人民遭受的这场病疫大灾难,是日本军国主义者一手制造的细菌战造成的,其宰割之酷、惨暴之厉、毒害之烈,罄竹难书!
三
为了让人们永远牢记日寇在这块土地上犯下的弥天大罪,1998年清明时节,衢州人在罗汉井8号侵华日军细菌战受害区遗址竖立了一块“铭记牌”。与此同时,以杨大方、吴世根等人为代表的细菌战受害者后人开始了筹建侵华日军衢州细菌战受害者纪念馆的活动。
杨大方,1932年出生在衢州,父亲曾是南街一家钟表店老板,父亲的身体一直很好。但是1941年3月,父亲突然头痛发烧病倒了,医生诊断说父亲感染了鼠疫,高烧不退,因淋巴肿胀而整天呻吟,不到一周便去世了。父亲去世后,遗体只用白布包裹,连棺材也没有就运到花园岗深埋了。让杨大方更感悲痛的是,父亲被埋葬的地点至今下落不明。1949年5月,衢州解放,当时正在念高中二年级的杨大方参加了中国人民解放军,后来成为人民空军的一员,驾驶轰炸机参加过抗美援朝战争。转业后任衢州市体委副主任,现已离休;
吴世根1930年出生在衢州,在人民解放军服役29年后转业,曾担任衢州水泥厂党委书记。吴世根家住衢州城郊陈家村,1940年上半年由于不堪忍受日军飞机的轰炸,父母带着他和二弟及两个妹妹逃难到城西汪村乡吕家村外婆家避难。1941年5月,吴世根9岁的二弟陈小根突然发高烧,医生说,这孩子患了鼠疫,不久二弟就离开了人世,就在弟弟死后不到3天,只有两岁的小妹妹陈四英也染上此病,5天后便咽了气。
1997年8月11日,由180名中国人组成的原告就“日本731部队细菌战残害中国人”而向日本提出赔偿诉讼。衢州市14位细菌战受害者代表共同参加了王选为总代表的侵华日军细菌战中国受害者诉讼原告团。其中杨大方、吴方根、吴世根、冯雪娜4人曾先后赶赴东京法院。在长达7年的调查与诉讼中,诉讼团的成员们收集了大量的日军细菌战罪证,于是建立纪念馆的念头开始在杨大方等人的心里萌生。他们的想法受到了细菌战其他受害者家属如叶赛舟、吴方根、祝汝涛、毛文跃、刘金泉等人的积极响应和大力支持,大家多次讨论有关细节,并开始进一步的调查,收集相关资料与实物。
在这里,不能不提及一位名叫邱明轩的老人。1994年当时在衢州卫生局工作的邱明轩开始编写《衢州卫生志》。在编写过程中他突然被一组数据震撼:1940年衢州5个县总人口为1123468人,至1946年衢州总人口减少为1027850人,减少了10余万人,后来当他得知人口减少的主要原因是因为日军在衢州实施细菌战,衢州各县相继发生了鼠疫、霍乱、伤寒、副伤寒、痢疾、疟疾、炭疽等传染病所致,他异常气愤和激动,于1999年写成《罪证——侵华日军衢州细菌战史实》一书。今年75岁的邱明轩告诉我们,最近他的另一本书《细菌战与隐患》已经完稿,此书是《罪证——侵华日军衢州细菌战史实》续编。邱明轩说,促使他写下《细菌战与隐患》的原因是:在日寇细菌战的60年后,他仍在老鼠、狗、猫及其他动物身上发现腹股沟淋巴结炎的阳性抗体,不只是动物,他每年都会发现一些人身上也带有伤寒、痢疾等病菌,日本细菌战至今还在贻害中国人民!
衢州细菌战受害者纪念馆告诉我们:生命是有尊严的!反人类罪是可耻的!
News
Old Men and the Memorial Hall
News By Wu Shaofei, Liu Yiding
At 9 o'clock on the morning of October 4th 1940, a Japanese plane approached to Quzhou City at an altitude of 300 meters. It dropped a great number of wheat kernel, soybean, millet, rag, cotton, small paper bags (each contained about 10 fleas), and flyers. From October 10, residents inthe city proper found many dead mice. The plague strangled the city.
In 1941, Japanese planes dropped bombs on Quzhou City day and night, driving residents to countryside. The plague had spread to rural areas by the end of December, 1941. More than 2,000 people in 58 streets and lanes of the city and 13 rural towns were killed by the plague. The city became dead. Normal life stopped. Horror reigned. Buses and trains did not stop in Quzhou.
In May 1942, the Japanese invaders launched a brutal campaign and drove southward along the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway. After months' killing, burning, looting, and raping, they began to withdraw on August 19. On August 20, a Japanese expedition of 156 soldiers specialized in bacterial warfare arrived at Quzhou. On August 25, a Japanese general in charge of bacterial warfare arrived. He planned the details of a bacterial campaign to kill the Chinese people. Within 6 days from 26-31 August, Japanese planes dropped large quantities of fleas infected with the plague onto military outposts held by the Chinese army. Meanwhile, the Japanese bacterial warfare task force moved northward together with other invaders. They poisoned wells, ponds, and food in villages and cities along the way as they withdrew. The germs included those of typhoid, anthrax, plague and other infectious diseases. Pretty soon, there were large-scale outbursts of plague, cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, diarrhea, malaria, anthrax, and malicious skin infections in urban and rural areas along the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway. In eight years from 1940-1948, there were altogether more than 300,000 people in Quzhou stricken down by infectious diseases and more than 50,000 died from them.
In order to memorialize the heinous war crimes committed by the Japanese invaders, Quzhou people established a monument at 8 Arhat Well in the city, an area severely affected by the plague, on the day of Pure Brightness Festival in April 1998. Meanwhile, Yang Dafang, Wu Shigen and other descendents from victim families began the preparatory work for establishing a memorial hall to display the historical facts.
Today the memorial hall testifies to the war crimes. Though a small place of merely over 30 square meters in size, it displays hosts of the war crimes committed by Japanese troopers. Display cabinets, chairs and desks were all donated. Photographs and documents are originals. No enlarged photographs. No large display boards. The exhibition is divided into 10 sections, respectively named Historic Lesson and National Disgrace, Indisputable Facts, Witness to History, Call for Justice, Charge of Blood and Tear, Lingering Hazards, etc.
On display is a map showing the distribution of the families killed by the plague from 1940-1941, a list of 1029 people killed by the plague, an old trousseau trunk of a girl who died from the plague a few days before the wedding, a back issue dated December 13, 1940 of Southeast Daily, a local newspaper based in Quzhou, which reported the outbursts of the plague caused by the bacteria. There is also a picture which showed six Japanese pilots standing in front of an aircraft. One of them flew over Quzhou on October 4, 1940 and dispersed the lethal germs. Many exhibits are from USA, Canada and Japan.
Sixty years after the bacterial disaster, mice, dogs, cats and other animals in the area around Quzhou still carry the positive antibody in the lymph. Qiu Mingxuan, a retiree from Quzhou Health Bureau, says that he was compiling a history about public health in Quzhou in 1994 when he was shocked by a group of data. The population was 1,123,468 in five counties of Quzhou in 1940 and the number dwindled to 1,027,850 in 1946. About 100,000 were killed by the bacteria. The 75-year-old has written two books. One is about the history of the bacterial atrocities committed by the Japanese troopers. The other is about the lingering hazards created by the bacteria that have not yet died off completely in the area.