掌握名词性从句的9个考点

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  考点1、that,what与which的区别
  that引导名词性从句,只起连接作用,无词义,在从句中不充当任何成分。what引导名词性从句时,没有选择的范围,其意义为“……的人/物/数目等”,可做从句的主语、宾语或表语。which引导名词性从句时,表示在一定的范围内进行选择,意思是“哪一个”。
   例1. That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.
  解析:That you are coming to London是that引导的主语从句,that在从句中不充当任何成分,但是不能省略。句意为:你要来伦敦是这么久以来我听到的最好的消息。
  例2. What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
  解析:What we can’t get是主语从句,what we have是宾语从句,两个从句都缺少宾语,所以用what来引导。句意为:我们得不到的东西似乎比我们所拥有的要好。
   例3. He has so many interesting books and I don’t know which I will choose.
  解析:which I will choose充当动词know的宾语,从如此多有趣的书中选,即从一定范围内进行选择,用which来引导宾语从句。句意为:他有这么多有趣的书,我不知道我会选择哪一本。
  考点2、whether与if的区别
  二者都可作“是否”讲,都可引导及物动词的宾语从句。但下列情况通常只能用whether,不能用if:(1)引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时;(2)引导介词后的宾语从句时;(3)从句后紧跟or not时;(4)后接不定式时(whether to do)。
  例4. Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
  解析:if不能引导主语从句,所以用whether。句意为:我们明天是否去野营取决于天气。
  例5. He didn’t say whether or not he would stay there.
  解析:动词say后面是宾语从句,但由于从句中有or not,所以用whether来引导。句意为:他没有说他是否会留在那里。
  考点3、其他连接代词和连接副词的区别
  主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确地选择who, which, when, where, why, how 等连接词。这些连接詞既具有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当句子成分。
  例6. That’s why he refused my invitation.
  解析:why引导的从句做表语。这里之所以用why,而不是when或 where等,唯一的依据便是句子的逻辑含义及语境。句意为:这就是他拒绝我邀请的原因。
  例7. Where Li Bai, a great Chinese poet,was born is known to the public, but some won’t accept it.
  解析:where引导主语从句,并且在从句中充当地点状语。句意为:李白,中国一位伟大的诗人,出生的地方人人皆知,但是有些人对此并不接受。
  考点4、引导词that的省略
  that引导单个宾语从句时常常被省略,但下列情况下不能省略:(1)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时,只有第一个that可省略,其余的不可省略;(2)用it做形式宾语的宾语从句;(3)that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时;(4)that做介词宾语时。
  例8. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
  解析:That he suddenly fell ill last week是主语从句,又因为从句中不缺主、宾语,所以只能用that引导;that不可以省略。句意为:他上周突然生病了,这让我们很吃惊。
  例9. He told me (that) his father had died and that he had to make a living alone.
  解析:told后面有两个宾语从句,第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可省。句意为:他告诉我,他的父亲已经去世,他必须独自谋生。
  考点5、who / whoever, what / whatever等的区别
  一般说来,what/who等含特指和疑问意义,而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义,没有疑问意义,意为“无论什么,无论谁”。
  例10. Parents are willing to be devoted to whatever it takes to educate their children.
  解析:whatever引导宾语从句,并且做takes的宾语。这里的whatever不能改成what,因为句意想表达的是:“无论需要什么来教育他们的孩子”,具有泛指的概念。同时要注意,这里whatever也不能改用no matter what,因为后者只能引导状语从句。句意为:父母愿意尽一切努力教育他们的孩子。
  例11. We should pay attention to what the teacher is saying.   解析:what the teacher is saying是what引导的宾语从句,表示老师正在说的话,是特指。句意为:我们应该注意老师在说什么。
  考点6、whatever, whichever, whoever, whenever, wherever, however等与no matter what(which, who, when, where, how等)的区别
   前者既可以引导名词性从句,也可以引导让步状语从句,而“no matter+疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句,两者在引导让步状语从句时可以互换。
  例12. The how-to book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.
  解析:介詞to后接宾语从句,whoever引导宾语从句,同时又在从句中做主语。no matter who 不能引导名词性从句。句意为:指南手册可以帮助任何想做这项工作的人。
  考点7、“介词+who(m)引导的宾语从句”与“介词+ whom”引导的定语从句的区别
  介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格,取决于它在宾语从句中做主语还是宾语。
  例13. I’m interested in who will be the winner.
  解析:这是一个含宾语从句的复合句,介词in的宾语是后面整个句子,而不是宾语从句的引导词。由于引导词在宾语从句中做主语,所以要用主格who(做宾语时自然要用whom)。句意为:我对谁将会是获胜者很感兴趣。
   例14. There are 200 teachers in our school, most of whom are women.
  解析:这是一个“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,引导定语从句的是“most of+关系代词”,关系代词做介词of的宾语,所以要用宾格whom。句意为:我们学校有200名教师,其中大多数是女教师。
  考点8、名词性从句的语序
  名词性从句必须用陈述句语序,即使在疑问句中,从句也不倒装(而在主句上倒装)。
  例15. I asked whether he had come back yet.
  解析:whether he had come back yet是动词asked的宾语,宾语从句应该用陈述句语序,不能出现问句形式。句意为:我问他是否回来了。
  但是在What’s the matter(trouble, wrong)...?的句型以及疑问词在句中做主语或做定语修饰主语时,语序不变。
  例16. He asked what was the matter with the girl.
  解析:What’s the matter(trouble, wrong)...? 是一种固定结构,后跟某物做宾语时,意为“某物出什么毛病了?后跟某人做宾语时,意为“某人怎么了?”what是主语,the matter(trouble, wrong)是表语。
  例17. You can’t imagine how excited they were when they received these nice Christmas presents.
  解析:how excited they were是动词imagine的宾语从句,从句的引导词必须始终置于从句的句首,而且how和被修饰的词excited不能分开,从句不能倒装。句意为:你无法想象他们收到这些圣诞礼物时有多兴奋。
  考点9、形式主语和形式宾语
  1. 形式主语
  如果主语从句较长,而谓语较短时,常常将主语从句后置,用it作为形式主语,置于句首。it做形式主语的常见句型如下:
  (1) It+be+形容词(necessary/likely/important/certain等)+从句
  (2) It+be+名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder等)+从句
  (3) It+be+过去分词(said/told/reported等)+从句
  (4) It+不及物动词(seem/appear/happen/turn out等)+从句
  例18. It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
  解析:what side effect the medicine will bring about是主语从句,谓语是is uncertain, 由于主语较长,谓语较短,为了避免头重脚轻,故用it做形式主语,将主语从句后置。句意为:尽管已经有大约两千名患者服用了这种药,但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。
  2. 形式宾语
  宾语一般放在及物动词或介词之后,但在下列情况下,须用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(常为不定式/从句)后置。
  (1)动词find/feel/think/consider/make+it+宾补(形容词或名词)+不定式/从句
  (2) 动词hate/like/dislike/appreciate+it+从句
  (3)动词短语see to/depend on/rely on+it+从句
  例19. I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.
  解析:think的宾语是that引导的宾语从句,由于其后还有宾语补足语, 所以用it做形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。句意为:我认为我们每天喝大量的白开水是有必要的。
   请看下面例句:
  I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent. 你不在的时候,我负责把他照顾好。
  I will appreciate it if you invite me to dinner. 如果你邀请我共进晚餐,我会很感激的。
   I hate it when people ask me for money. 我不喜欢别人向我要钱。
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