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利他主义两难表现为个体间在生存和繁衍机能上的竞争与自然界中的个体利他特性之间的矛盾。笔者认为,较之个体选择理论(如,亲属选择理论和互惠利他主义),群体选择理论更好地解决了这一矛盾。群体选择理论消解了亲属选择理论和互惠利他主义中可能存在的假利他行为,即,亲属选择理论和互惠利他主义所界定的利他行为最终都可能促进(或至少补偿)利他行为者本人的生物适应性,从而不是真正意义上的生物利他主义;而群体选择理论却使得利他行为者促进群体的生物适应性成为可能。针对群体选择理论解释生物利他主义的一个最大挑战就是“群体内的颠覆”问题,但是群体选择理论者通过发展出“多层次选择理论”而成功回应了这一问题。不过,群体选择理论的解释仍有一些无法令人信服之处,因此,我们或许需要一种比群体选择理论更为精致和全面的生物学理论来解释利他主义两难。
The altruistic dilemma manifests itself in the contradiction between the individual’s competition for survival and multiplication and the individual altruism in nature. In my opinion, the theory of group selection solves this contradiction better than the theory of individual selection (eg, kinship selection and reciprocal altruism). The theory of group choice dispels the possible behavior of kinship in kinship selection theory and reciprocal altruism, ie altruistic behavior as defined by kinship selection theory and reciprocal altruism may eventually (or at least compensate) altruistic actors themselves adapt themselves Therefore, the theory of group choice makes it possible for altruistic actors to promote their biological adaptability. One of the biggest challenges in explaining bio-altruism against group choice theory is the question of “subversion within the group,” but the group choice theorists have successfully responded to this question by developing the “multi-level choice theory.” However, there are still some unconvincing explanations for the theory of group choice, so we may need a more elaborate and comprehensive biological theory than group choice theory to explain the altruistic dilemma.