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This paper has insepected the size and the structure of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles by adopting X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The suitable surfactants have been selected and put into lubricating oil with nanometer CaCO3 particles. By testing some parameters, such as the maximum non-seizure load, the shape and diameter of wear scar, the friction factor, the nanometer CaCO3 particles properties of extreme pressure,anti-wear and friction reduction have been tested and analyzed. The properties of the nanometer CaCO3 particles tribology chemistry have been analyzed through X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) test. Also the nanometer CaCO3 particlesmechanism of anti-wear and friction reduction has been studied systematically. The research results show that, the lubricating oil with nanometer CaCO3 particles have good tribological properties.