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Abstract Shrimp culture industry in China has been severely constrained by shrimp diseases， causing great economic losses. Controlling shrimp disease through immunological methods has become a research hotspot. This paper summarized the research results of Chinese herbal medicines on improvement of shrimp immunity in recent years， and put forward the research direction of fishery Chinese herbal preparations in the future， in order to provide technical reference for shrimp culture industry.
Key words Traditional Chinese medicine; Shrimp; immunity
The worlds shrimp culture industry was started in the 1970s and developed rapidly in the 1980s. The production of the worlds farmed shrimp only accounted for 20% of the total shrimp production in 1984， but reached 50% of the total shrimp production by 1999. That is to say the production of the worlds farmed shrimp increased by 6 times， and the total production of shrimp accounted for 14% of the total global production of aquatic products， having a total output value reaching $4.75 billion. At present， shrimp farming has become an important industry in agricultural field and has become a major pillar industry in some countries. Although shrimp culture industry has developed rapidly， it has caused a series of problems such as deterioration of the breeding environment， destruction of germplasm resources and germplasm degradation， and frequent diseases， especially infectious diseases， including bacterial， fungal and viral diseases[2-6]， which have caused huge losses to shrimp farming industry. Therefore， sustainable development of shrimp farming depends mainly on the prevention and control of shrimp diseases and the maintaining of health status. The development of Chinese herbal immunopotentiators with no drug residues， broad antibacterial spectrum， low price， high edible safety and no pollution has become a hot spot in current research on aquatic feed and shrimp culture.
Nonspecific Immune System of Shrimps
Nonspecific immunity refers to innate relativelystable natural resistance of organisms which is formed in the longterm evolution process， including cellular immunity and humoral immunity[7-8]. The cellular immunity and humoral immunity in shrimps are closely related. Blood cells can synthesize and release humoral immune factors， while cellular immune responses are mediated and influenced by humoral immune factors[7-8]. The immune system formed by shrimps in the longterm evolutionary process is still not perfect， mainly based on nonspecific immunity. Shrimps have an open blood circulation system， which can establish a correct and rapid induction and defense mechanism in which blood cells play an important role， when preventing the invasion of foreign pathogenic organisms. At present， there are still many disagreements about the classification of shrimp blood cells， but most scholars tend to divide them into three types according to the presence or absence of blood cell granules and their size， staining， and nucleocytoplasmic ratio， i.e.， large granular haemocyte （large granular haemocyte， LGH）， small granular haemocyte （SGH） and hyalin cell （HC）. Different blood cells play different roles in the defense response. For instance， transparent cells mainly take charge of phagocytosis of foreign bodies; small granular cells are mainly responsible for recognizing foreign bodies by degranulation and adsorption on foreign bodies and making a response， and participate in phagocytosis of foreign particles[9-10] and encapsulation response[11]; and large granular cells also have phagocytosis， but their phagocytosis is less significant than granular cells[9]， and their most important function is antibacterial activity in immune defense[12]， which releases phenoloxidase through degranulation， thereby activating the phenol oxidase system[13].
In relative to cellular immunity， there are more studies on humoral immunity. It is generally believed that shrimp body fluid does not contain immunoglobulins， but humoral immunity involves in lectins， lysozyme （LSL）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， acid phosphatase （ACP）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， catalase （CAT） and humoral immune factors including propo activation system released by blood cells， which can eliminate foreign bodies in different ways and resist the invasion of pathogens.
Main Components of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Its Immune Mechanism
Chinese herbal medicine is taken from nature and maintains its natural structure and activity. It has the advantages of pleiotropic effects， twoway regulation and adaptation to the original effect， and has the effects of regulating all disease resistance factors in organisms， enhancing disease resistance and immunity， improving the flavor of cultured products and composition of fatty acids in muscles and amino acid and improving amino acid and mineral levels in organisms. Therefore， it has received much attention from many scholars at home and abroad.
Chinese herbal medicine contains many immunomodulatory components， including alkaloids， saponins， polysaccharides， terpenes， organic acids， volatile oils， etc. For instance， tea alkaloids （including caffeine and theophylline）， ginsenosides， astragalus polysaccharides， glycyrrhizic acid， and allicin can significantly enhance the immune function of animals[14]. Chinese herbal medicine can enhance the immunological function in organisms， and mainly enhances the physiological metabolism of cells， promotes blood circulation and enhances immunity by activating reticuloendothelial system and complement， activating macrophages and T and B lymphocytes， and inducing various cytokines. For instance， traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides act as biological response modifier， which mainly influences the reticuloendothelial system of organisms， and has the effects of promoting thymus response， and stimulating the phagocytosis of macrophages， synthesis of lymphocytes， leukocytes， NK cells， complement system， RNA， DNA and protein and cAMP and cGMP contents in vivo， thereby promoting the production of antibodies and enhancing the induction of lymphokines and interferons; glycosides can enhance the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system， promote antibody production， and promote antigenantibody reaction and lymphocyte transformation; and alkaloids can enhance humoral and cellular immune functions and stimulate macrophage phagocytosis. Research Situation of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Improving Immune Function of Shrimps
The immuneenhancing effect of Chinese herbal medicine is mainly to enhance the immune function by mobilizing positive factors including nonspecific antibacterial and antiviral factors in shrimps.
Research on the Effect of Single Chinese Herbal Preparation on Shrimp Immunity
Chen et al.[15] have found that Rheum officinale and Coptis chinensis can enhance the activity of the immune system of Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricianalus， thereby achieving the effect of preventing disease. Guo[16] have shown that the addition of Citrus aurantium L. to the feed of Litopenaeus vannamei can improve the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， lysozyme （LSZ） and phagocytosis of blood lymphocytes， but the growthpromoting effect is not obvious.
Research on the Effect of Compound Chinese Herbal Preparation on Shrimp Immunity
Xu et al.[17] carried out research on the inhibitory effect of 48 Chinese herbal preparations on the pathogen of red appendages disease in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of Prunus mume， skin of Punica granatum L. and Schisandra chinensis （Turcz.） Baill. had strong antibacterial activity and could be used to prepare bait of diseasepreventing medicine for shrimps. The effects of several natural immunopolysaccharides on the immune system of shrimps were studied through oral administration and intraperitoneal injection， and the results were all confirmed that they could significantly improve the activity of immune factors in hemolymph of shrimps and enhance nonspecific immune function of shrimps[18-19]. Shen[21] fed F. chinensis with compound Chinese herbal medicine， bacterin， lipopolysaccharide， etc.， and attacked it with Vibrio alginolyticus having strong virulence. The shrimps orally administrated with the medicated bait showed an immuneprotecting rate reaching 78.95%-89.47%， indicating that shrimps had enhanced resistance to disease. Luo[22] fed F. chinensis with preparation No. 1 （prepared form 9 Chinese herbs including Astragalus membranaceus、Polyporus umbellatus、Eucommia ulmoides， Lycium barbarum， Houttuynia cordata， Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch， C. reticulata Blanco， Poria cocos and C. chinensis） and preparation No. 2 （prepared form 4 Chinese herbs including Houttuynia cordata Thunb.， L. barbarum， C. reticulata and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.）. The results showed that preparation No. 1 had an activation effect on the immune system of shrimps， which was strengthened with the extension of the feeding time of the bait within a certain time range， and preparation No. 2 inhibited or destroyed the immune system of shrimps[22]. Du[23] fed F. chinensis with a compound preparation prepared from 4 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines， and the shrimps obtained phagocytic activity of hemocytes significantly higher than the control group， as well as improved immuneprotecting rate[23]. The compound preparation of garlic oil and extracted natural saponin active substances was added into shrimp feed at a rate of 0.2%， and the fed shrimps showed significantlyimproved hemocyte phagocytosis rate， killing rate and phagocytic index， as well as significantlyincreased cell killing index， bacteriolytic activity in hemolymph of shrimps and phenoloxidase activity. And the immuneprotecting rate of shrimps increased by 86% after the challenge with V. alginolyticus[24]. Wang[25] fed F. chinensis with a Chinese herbal immunization compound continuously for 7 d， which significantly improved PO， SOD and CAT activity in the hemolymph of shrimps. Zhao[26] added compound immune enhancer CoIP （developed by Hebei Agricultural University， containing vitamins， immune polysaccharides and antiviral Chinese herbal medicines） 1.75 g/kg in shrimp feed， which significantly improved PO， SOD activity and blood cell phagocytic activity of F. chinensis， and prolonged the survival time of F. chinensis， which successfully passed the high temperature season （June， July and August）[26]. Li[27] prepared a compound preparation from 10 Chinese herbal medicines including Astragalus membranaceus， Codonopsis pilosula， R. officinal and Isatis tinctoria， by pulverization and sieving， which could significantly improve the immune function of Macrobrachium rosenbergi and effectively prevent the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Guo[28] prepared a preparation with A. membranaceus as the main medicines combined with such other 9 Chinese herbal medicines as Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.， C. pilosula， R. officinale， Scutellaria baicalensis， G. uralensis， Angelica sinensis， Lonicera japonica， I. tinctoria and Hordeurn vulgare L. and added it into shrimp feed at a rate of 1%-2%. It could promote L. vannamei growth and enhance its immunity and disease resistance[28]. Jiang[29] added Chinese herbal medicine additives （mainly containing A. membranaceus， G. uralensis and A. macrocephala） into the feed of L. vannamei， and it was found found that it can improve shrimps immunity and antiWSSV ability. Agricultural Biotechnology2018
Prospects
Although certain research achievements have been made on Chinese herbal medicine preparations in the prevention and treatment of shrimp diseases， the gap is very large compared with the Chinese veterinary research. In view of the current urgent demand in shrimp breeding industry to solve the problems of drug abuse， antibiotics， toxic side effects， environmental pollution and food safety caused by the abuse of chemical drugs， antibiotics and pesticides in production， the development and application of Chinese herbal immunopotentiators has a extremely broad prospect.
The immunomodulation mechanism of Chinese herbal preparations in shrimps is very complicated， and many fields still need systematic research and exploration. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the systematic research and clinical application research of the disease resistance mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine. Active components in Chinese herbal medicine could be purified by modern biochemical technology， to achieve the stability of drug efficacy and realize standardization and scientization， so as to promote the industrialization of Chinese herbal preparations. In addition， the research and promotion of the use of Chinese herbal medicines should be strengthened， such as specific doses for addition into feed， soaking and injection， and other medication procedures.
References
[1] FAO Fishstat Plus. Food and agriculture organization of the united nations fisheries[R]. Department Statistical Database and Software， 2001（12）： 30-50.
[2] LIGHTER DV， REDMAN RM， BELL TA. Infectious hypodermal （IHHNV） and a newly recognized virus disease of penaeid shrimp[J]. J Invertebr Pathol， 1983（42）： 62-72.
[3] KROLL RM， HAWLCINS WE， OVERSTREET RR. Rickettsial and mollicute infectious in hepatopancreatic cells of cultured Pacific white shrimp （Penaeus annamei）[J]. J Invertebr Pathol， 1991（57）： 3622-3660.
[4] MOHNEY LL， LIGHTER DV， BELL TA. Anepizootic of vibriosis in Ecuedorian pondreared Penaeus vannamei Boone （Crustacea Decapoda）[J]. World aquaculture， 1994， soc， 25.
[5] HASSON KW， LIGHTER DV， POULOS BT， et al. Taura syndrome in Penaeus vannamei demonstration of a viral etiology[J]. Dis Aquat Org， 1995（23）： 115-126.
[6] FLEGEL TW. Special topic review， major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn （Penaeus monodon） in Thailand[J]. World J of Microbiol Biotechnol， 1997（13）： 433-442. [7] SONG LP， ZHANG YF， YAN DW. Application of Chinese herbal medicine as immunopotentiator on aquatic livestocks[J]. Feed Industry， 2005， 26（5）： 10-12. （in Chinese）
[8] CHEN GF， HUANG J， SONG XL. Research situation of immune function in prawns[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China， 2004， 28（2）： 209-215. （in Chinese）
[9] BACHNE E， MIALHE E. Knowledge and research prospects in marine mollusa and crustacea immunology[J]. Aquac， 1995（132）： 17-32.
[10] PESSON M， CERENIUS L， SDERHLL K. Encapasulation of foreign particles in vitro by separated blood cells from crayfish Astacus leptodacitylus cell[J]. Tissue Res， 1987（247）： 409-415.
[11] MARTIN H. Defence functions of granulocytes in the rideback prawn Sicyonia ingentis[J]. J Invertebr Pathol， 1989（53）： 335-346.
[12] SMITH C. Comparison of antibacterial activity in the hamocytes of different crustacean species[J]. Comp Biochem and Physiol， 1995（110）： 39-45.
[13] SMITH VJ， CHISHOLM JRS. Induction of degranulation and lysis of haemocytes in the fresh water crayfish Astacus by components of the prophenoloxidase activating system in vitro[J]. Cell Tissue Res， 1983（233）： 195-303.
[14] CHEN ZB， GE CR， HAN JZ. Effects of active components in traditional Chinese medicine on immune function in animals and its application[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine， 2002， 18（10）： 16-17. （in Chinese）
[15] CHEN YX， WU ZX， ZHANG HM. Effect of rheum officinale and Coptis chinensis on the phagocytic activity in the hemocytes of crayfish， Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricarinatus[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica， 2002， 26（2）： 201-204. （in Chinese）
[16] GUO YJ， XING KZ， CHEN CX， et al. Effects of Fructus aurantii Immaturus on the health of Penaeus vannamei[J]. Reservoir Fisheries， 2005， 25（4）： 99-101. （in Chinese）
[17] XU B， JI WS， ZHANG P， et al. Study on antibacterial drugs for shrimp pathogens[J]. Marine Science Bulletin， 1993， 23（2）： 43-51. （in Chinese）
[18] WANG L， LI GY. Study on the preventive and therapeutic effects of oral immunization drugs on cultured Chinese shrimp diseases[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1994， 25（5）： 486-491. （in Chinese）
[19] LIU H， LI GY. Study on effect of immunopolysaccharides on breeding of Penaeus vannamei[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1998， 29（2）： 113-117. （in Chinese）
[20] LIU SQ， JIANG XL， MOU HJ， et al. Effect of immunopolysaccharide on serum lysozyme， phosphatase and peroxidase in Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1999， 30（3）： 278-283. （in Chinese） [21] SHEN JY. Preliminary study on the determination of some immune indexes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and immune prevention[J]. Bulletin of Science and Technology， 1996， 13（5）： 324-327. （in Chinese）
[22] LUO RX. Induction of Chinese herbal preparations on immunological substances in Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1997， 28（6）： 573-578. （in Chinese）
[23] DU AF， CAO WM， YU L. Study on phagocytosis of Fenneropenaeus chinensis hemocytes[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China， 1997， 4（2）： 1-6. （in Chinese）
[24] DU AF， YE JA， YU L. Enhancement effect of compound garlic oil additive on immune function of Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University， 1997（3）： 317-320. （in Chinese）
[25] WANG YY， SONG HS， LI GY. Effects of immunological drugs on activities of oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in the haemolymph of Penaeus Chinensis[J]. Advances in Marine Science， 2002， 20（3）： 79-83. （in Chinese）
[26] ZHAO J. Effect of compound immune promoter （CoIP） on growth and development， partial biochemical indices and immune function of Fenneropenaeus chinensis[D]. Baoding： Agricultural University of Hebei， 2002. （in Chinese）
[27] LI Y. The immuneenhancing effect of compound Chinese herbal additive on Macrochium rosenbergii[J]. Feed Industry， 2002（7）： 45-47. （in Chinese）
[28] GUO WT， LI J. Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on growth and immune factors of blood lymph for Penaeus vannamei boone[J]. Feed Industry， 2005， 26（6）： 6-10. （in Chinese）
[29] JIANG Y， WANG GJ， YU DG. Effect of Chinese herbal medicine additives on the growth and disease resistance for Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Fishery Modernization， 2005（4）： 35-37. （in Chinese）
Key words Traditional Chinese medicine; Shrimp; immunity
The worlds shrimp culture industry was started in the 1970s and developed rapidly in the 1980s. The production of the worlds farmed shrimp only accounted for 20% of the total shrimp production in 1984， but reached 50% of the total shrimp production by 1999. That is to say the production of the worlds farmed shrimp increased by 6 times， and the total production of shrimp accounted for 14% of the total global production of aquatic products， having a total output value reaching $4.75 billion. At present， shrimp farming has become an important industry in agricultural field and has become a major pillar industry in some countries. Although shrimp culture industry has developed rapidly， it has caused a series of problems such as deterioration of the breeding environment， destruction of germplasm resources and germplasm degradation， and frequent diseases， especially infectious diseases， including bacterial， fungal and viral diseases[2-6]， which have caused huge losses to shrimp farming industry. Therefore， sustainable development of shrimp farming depends mainly on the prevention and control of shrimp diseases and the maintaining of health status. The development of Chinese herbal immunopotentiators with no drug residues， broad antibacterial spectrum， low price， high edible safety and no pollution has become a hot spot in current research on aquatic feed and shrimp culture.
Nonspecific Immune System of Shrimps
Nonspecific immunity refers to innate relativelystable natural resistance of organisms which is formed in the longterm evolution process， including cellular immunity and humoral immunity[7-8]. The cellular immunity and humoral immunity in shrimps are closely related. Blood cells can synthesize and release humoral immune factors， while cellular immune responses are mediated and influenced by humoral immune factors[7-8]. The immune system formed by shrimps in the longterm evolutionary process is still not perfect， mainly based on nonspecific immunity. Shrimps have an open blood circulation system， which can establish a correct and rapid induction and defense mechanism in which blood cells play an important role， when preventing the invasion of foreign pathogenic organisms. At present， there are still many disagreements about the classification of shrimp blood cells， but most scholars tend to divide them into three types according to the presence or absence of blood cell granules and their size， staining， and nucleocytoplasmic ratio， i.e.， large granular haemocyte （large granular haemocyte， LGH）， small granular haemocyte （SGH） and hyalin cell （HC）. Different blood cells play different roles in the defense response. For instance， transparent cells mainly take charge of phagocytosis of foreign bodies; small granular cells are mainly responsible for recognizing foreign bodies by degranulation and adsorption on foreign bodies and making a response， and participate in phagocytosis of foreign particles[9-10] and encapsulation response[11]; and large granular cells also have phagocytosis， but their phagocytosis is less significant than granular cells[9]， and their most important function is antibacterial activity in immune defense[12]， which releases phenoloxidase through degranulation， thereby activating the phenol oxidase system[13].
In relative to cellular immunity， there are more studies on humoral immunity. It is generally believed that shrimp body fluid does not contain immunoglobulins， but humoral immunity involves in lectins， lysozyme （LSL）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， acid phosphatase （ACP）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， catalase （CAT） and humoral immune factors including propo activation system released by blood cells， which can eliminate foreign bodies in different ways and resist the invasion of pathogens.
Main Components of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Its Immune Mechanism
Chinese herbal medicine is taken from nature and maintains its natural structure and activity. It has the advantages of pleiotropic effects， twoway regulation and adaptation to the original effect， and has the effects of regulating all disease resistance factors in organisms， enhancing disease resistance and immunity， improving the flavor of cultured products and composition of fatty acids in muscles and amino acid and improving amino acid and mineral levels in organisms. Therefore， it has received much attention from many scholars at home and abroad.
Chinese herbal medicine contains many immunomodulatory components， including alkaloids， saponins， polysaccharides， terpenes， organic acids， volatile oils， etc. For instance， tea alkaloids （including caffeine and theophylline）， ginsenosides， astragalus polysaccharides， glycyrrhizic acid， and allicin can significantly enhance the immune function of animals[14]. Chinese herbal medicine can enhance the immunological function in organisms， and mainly enhances the physiological metabolism of cells， promotes blood circulation and enhances immunity by activating reticuloendothelial system and complement， activating macrophages and T and B lymphocytes， and inducing various cytokines. For instance， traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides act as biological response modifier， which mainly influences the reticuloendothelial system of organisms， and has the effects of promoting thymus response， and stimulating the phagocytosis of macrophages， synthesis of lymphocytes， leukocytes， NK cells， complement system， RNA， DNA and protein and cAMP and cGMP contents in vivo， thereby promoting the production of antibodies and enhancing the induction of lymphokines and interferons; glycosides can enhance the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system， promote antibody production， and promote antigenantibody reaction and lymphocyte transformation; and alkaloids can enhance humoral and cellular immune functions and stimulate macrophage phagocytosis. Research Situation of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Improving Immune Function of Shrimps
The immuneenhancing effect of Chinese herbal medicine is mainly to enhance the immune function by mobilizing positive factors including nonspecific antibacterial and antiviral factors in shrimps.
Research on the Effect of Single Chinese Herbal Preparation on Shrimp Immunity
Chen et al.[15] have found that Rheum officinale and Coptis chinensis can enhance the activity of the immune system of Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricianalus， thereby achieving the effect of preventing disease. Guo[16] have shown that the addition of Citrus aurantium L. to the feed of Litopenaeus vannamei can improve the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， lysozyme （LSZ） and phagocytosis of blood lymphocytes， but the growthpromoting effect is not obvious.
Research on the Effect of Compound Chinese Herbal Preparation on Shrimp Immunity
Xu et al.[17] carried out research on the inhibitory effect of 48 Chinese herbal preparations on the pathogen of red appendages disease in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that the aqueous extracts of Prunus mume， skin of Punica granatum L. and Schisandra chinensis （Turcz.） Baill. had strong antibacterial activity and could be used to prepare bait of diseasepreventing medicine for shrimps. The effects of several natural immunopolysaccharides on the immune system of shrimps were studied through oral administration and intraperitoneal injection， and the results were all confirmed that they could significantly improve the activity of immune factors in hemolymph of shrimps and enhance nonspecific immune function of shrimps[18-19]. Shen[21] fed F. chinensis with compound Chinese herbal medicine， bacterin， lipopolysaccharide， etc.， and attacked it with Vibrio alginolyticus having strong virulence. The shrimps orally administrated with the medicated bait showed an immuneprotecting rate reaching 78.95%-89.47%， indicating that shrimps had enhanced resistance to disease. Luo[22] fed F. chinensis with preparation No. 1 （prepared form 9 Chinese herbs including Astragalus membranaceus、Polyporus umbellatus、Eucommia ulmoides， Lycium barbarum， Houttuynia cordata， Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch， C. reticulata Blanco， Poria cocos and C. chinensis） and preparation No. 2 （prepared form 4 Chinese herbs including Houttuynia cordata Thunb.， L. barbarum， C. reticulata and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.）. The results showed that preparation No. 1 had an activation effect on the immune system of shrimps， which was strengthened with the extension of the feeding time of the bait within a certain time range， and preparation No. 2 inhibited or destroyed the immune system of shrimps[22]. Du[23] fed F. chinensis with a compound preparation prepared from 4 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines， and the shrimps obtained phagocytic activity of hemocytes significantly higher than the control group， as well as improved immuneprotecting rate[23]. The compound preparation of garlic oil and extracted natural saponin active substances was added into shrimp feed at a rate of 0.2%， and the fed shrimps showed significantlyimproved hemocyte phagocytosis rate， killing rate and phagocytic index， as well as significantlyincreased cell killing index， bacteriolytic activity in hemolymph of shrimps and phenoloxidase activity. And the immuneprotecting rate of shrimps increased by 86% after the challenge with V. alginolyticus[24]. Wang[25] fed F. chinensis with a Chinese herbal immunization compound continuously for 7 d， which significantly improved PO， SOD and CAT activity in the hemolymph of shrimps. Zhao[26] added compound immune enhancer CoIP （developed by Hebei Agricultural University， containing vitamins， immune polysaccharides and antiviral Chinese herbal medicines） 1.75 g/kg in shrimp feed， which significantly improved PO， SOD activity and blood cell phagocytic activity of F. chinensis， and prolonged the survival time of F. chinensis， which successfully passed the high temperature season （June， July and August）[26]. Li[27] prepared a compound preparation from 10 Chinese herbal medicines including Astragalus membranaceus， Codonopsis pilosula， R. officinal and Isatis tinctoria， by pulverization and sieving， which could significantly improve the immune function of Macrobrachium rosenbergi and effectively prevent the infection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Guo[28] prepared a preparation with A. membranaceus as the main medicines combined with such other 9 Chinese herbal medicines as Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.， C. pilosula， R. officinale， Scutellaria baicalensis， G. uralensis， Angelica sinensis， Lonicera japonica， I. tinctoria and Hordeurn vulgare L. and added it into shrimp feed at a rate of 1%-2%. It could promote L. vannamei growth and enhance its immunity and disease resistance[28]. Jiang[29] added Chinese herbal medicine additives （mainly containing A. membranaceus， G. uralensis and A. macrocephala） into the feed of L. vannamei， and it was found found that it can improve shrimps immunity and antiWSSV ability. Agricultural Biotechnology2018
Prospects
Although certain research achievements have been made on Chinese herbal medicine preparations in the prevention and treatment of shrimp diseases， the gap is very large compared with the Chinese veterinary research. In view of the current urgent demand in shrimp breeding industry to solve the problems of drug abuse， antibiotics， toxic side effects， environmental pollution and food safety caused by the abuse of chemical drugs， antibiotics and pesticides in production， the development and application of Chinese herbal immunopotentiators has a extremely broad prospect.
The immunomodulation mechanism of Chinese herbal preparations in shrimps is very complicated， and many fields still need systematic research and exploration. Therefore， it is necessary to strengthen the systematic research and clinical application research of the disease resistance mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine. Active components in Chinese herbal medicine could be purified by modern biochemical technology， to achieve the stability of drug efficacy and realize standardization and scientization， so as to promote the industrialization of Chinese herbal preparations. In addition， the research and promotion of the use of Chinese herbal medicines should be strengthened， such as specific doses for addition into feed， soaking and injection， and other medication procedures.
References
[1] FAO Fishstat Plus. Food and agriculture organization of the united nations fisheries[R]. Department Statistical Database and Software， 2001（12）： 30-50.
[2] LIGHTER DV， REDMAN RM， BELL TA. Infectious hypodermal （IHHNV） and a newly recognized virus disease of penaeid shrimp[J]. J Invertebr Pathol， 1983（42）： 62-72.
[3] KROLL RM， HAWLCINS WE， OVERSTREET RR. Rickettsial and mollicute infectious in hepatopancreatic cells of cultured Pacific white shrimp （Penaeus annamei）[J]. J Invertebr Pathol， 1991（57）： 3622-3660.
[4] MOHNEY LL， LIGHTER DV， BELL TA. Anepizootic of vibriosis in Ecuedorian pondreared Penaeus vannamei Boone （Crustacea Decapoda）[J]. World aquaculture， 1994， soc， 25.
[5] HASSON KW， LIGHTER DV， POULOS BT， et al. Taura syndrome in Penaeus vannamei demonstration of a viral etiology[J]. Dis Aquat Org， 1995（23）： 115-126.
[6] FLEGEL TW. Special topic review， major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn （Penaeus monodon） in Thailand[J]. World J of Microbiol Biotechnol， 1997（13）： 433-442. [7] SONG LP， ZHANG YF， YAN DW. Application of Chinese herbal medicine as immunopotentiator on aquatic livestocks[J]. Feed Industry， 2005， 26（5）： 10-12. （in Chinese）
[8] CHEN GF， HUANG J， SONG XL. Research situation of immune function in prawns[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China， 2004， 28（2）： 209-215. （in Chinese）
[9] BACHNE E， MIALHE E. Knowledge and research prospects in marine mollusa and crustacea immunology[J]. Aquac， 1995（132）： 17-32.
[10] PESSON M， CERENIUS L， SDERHLL K. Encapasulation of foreign particles in vitro by separated blood cells from crayfish Astacus leptodacitylus cell[J]. Tissue Res， 1987（247）： 409-415.
[11] MARTIN H. Defence functions of granulocytes in the rideback prawn Sicyonia ingentis[J]. J Invertebr Pathol， 1989（53）： 335-346.
[12] SMITH C. Comparison of antibacterial activity in the hamocytes of different crustacean species[J]. Comp Biochem and Physiol， 1995（110）： 39-45.
[13] SMITH VJ， CHISHOLM JRS. Induction of degranulation and lysis of haemocytes in the fresh water crayfish Astacus by components of the prophenoloxidase activating system in vitro[J]. Cell Tissue Res， 1983（233）： 195-303.
[14] CHEN ZB， GE CR， HAN JZ. Effects of active components in traditional Chinese medicine on immune function in animals and its application[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine， 2002， 18（10）： 16-17. （in Chinese）
[15] CHEN YX， WU ZX， ZHANG HM. Effect of rheum officinale and Coptis chinensis on the phagocytic activity in the hemocytes of crayfish， Procambarus clarkii and Cherax quadricarinatus[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica， 2002， 26（2）： 201-204. （in Chinese）
[16] GUO YJ， XING KZ， CHEN CX， et al. Effects of Fructus aurantii Immaturus on the health of Penaeus vannamei[J]. Reservoir Fisheries， 2005， 25（4）： 99-101. （in Chinese）
[17] XU B， JI WS， ZHANG P， et al. Study on antibacterial drugs for shrimp pathogens[J]. Marine Science Bulletin， 1993， 23（2）： 43-51. （in Chinese）
[18] WANG L， LI GY. Study on the preventive and therapeutic effects of oral immunization drugs on cultured Chinese shrimp diseases[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1994， 25（5）： 486-491. （in Chinese）
[19] LIU H， LI GY. Study on effect of immunopolysaccharides on breeding of Penaeus vannamei[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1998， 29（2）： 113-117. （in Chinese）
[20] LIU SQ， JIANG XL， MOU HJ， et al. Effect of immunopolysaccharide on serum lysozyme， phosphatase and peroxidase in Fenneropenaeus chinensis[J]. Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica， 1999， 30（3）： 278-283. （in Chinese） [21] SHEN JY. Preliminary study on the determination of some immune indexes of Fenneropenaeus chinensis and immune prevention[J]. Bulletin of Science and Technology， 1996， 13（5）： 324-327. （in Chinese）
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