一交通拥挤是城市发展中的普遍现象,困扰着许多发达国家及发展中国家的大中型城市。这一状况使道路作为“公共物品”的使用效率大为降低,也严重影响了社会劳动生产率,因此造成的劳动和资本的净损失十分可观。以北京市为例,过去10年间,北京的交通堵塞不断升级。据北京市交管局的 A traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in urban development, plaguing many large and medium-sized cities in many developed and developing countries. This situation greatly reduced the efficiency of the use of roads as “public goods,” and seriously affected social labor productivity, resulting in a net loss of labor and capital of a considerable size. Take Beijing as an example. In the past 10 years, traffic congestion in Beijing has been escalating. According to the Beijing Traffic Management Bureau