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在西方环境公正研究中,理性选择模型、社会政治模型和种族歧视模型较好地解释了有害废物处置歧视性选址和人群在环境风险中不公平暴露等问题。在当下中国,是否存在人群在环境风险中不公平暴露问题,如果存在,如何解释,都有待系统检视。本文基于北京、重庆和厦门三地有关城市生活垃圾处理风险的调查数据,分析了中国是否存在人群在风险中不公平暴露的问题,以及如果存在,哪些指标可以预测不公平暴露的发生。在此基础上,检验环境公正研究中社会政治模型在中国的适用情况。研究发现,我国存在基于个体社会经济地位差异的不公平风险暴露问题,收入、家庭资产、户籍、居住社区、职业声望及关系网络等要素,影响人群在环境风险中的差异性暴露;其中,户籍是中国区别于西方环境公正研究对不平等风险暴露的解释。社会经济地位分化的影响力渗透环境领域,环境风险分布与财富/权力分布在一定程度上反向交叠,二者强化了阶层分化。
In the study of environmental justice in the West, the rational choice model, socio-political model and racial discrimination model have better explained the issues of discriminatory addressing of hazardous waste disposal and unfair exposure of people to environmental risks. In the present China, is there any problem of unfair exposure of the population to environmental risks? If there are any explanations, all are subject to systematic examination. Based on survey data on the MSW disposal risks in Beijing, Chongqing and Xiamen, this paper analyzes whether there is a problem of unfair exposure of people to risk in China and what indicators, if any, can predict unfair exposures. On this basis, we test the application of social and political models in China in the study of environmental justice. The study finds that there are unfair risk exposures, incomes, family assets, household registration, residential communities, occupational prestige and network of relationships based on individual social and economic status in China, which affect the population’s exposure to environmental risks. Among them, household registration China is different from the western environmental justice research on the explanation of inequality risk exposure. The influence of socioeconomic status differentiation permeates the field of environment, and the distribution of environmental risks and wealth / power distribution overlap to a certain extent, both of which reinforce the stratification.