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浪漫主义 保罗·凡·狄海姆有部论述欧洲浪漫主义的辉煌作品,叫《欧洲文学中的浪漫主义》(一九四八年出版)。他在书中把浪漫主义这一运动描绘成欧洲意识的危机。尽管这一危机早在十八世纪已露端倪。对唯理主义和形式和谐的反动只是到这个世纪的最后十年才清晰起来,同时还伴随着一七八九年法国大革命后日益扩大的冲击波。摒弃了唯理主义后,转而强调想象的活泼功能,强调作为既抽象而又富革命性理想的诗人个人的世界观。个人主义得到确认,自由的创造力的概念产生了,诗人成了神秘的创造者。正如雪莱在《诗辩》中宣称的那样,诗人的作用就是作诗以重新创造世界。
Romanticism Paul van der Meer has a brilliant treatise on European Romanticism, called Romanticism in European Literature (published in 1948). In the book, he portrayed the romantic movement as a crisis of European consciousness. Although the crisis was already apparent in the eighteenth century. The reactionary reaction to materialism and formal harmony is only clear up in the last decade of this century, accompanied by the growing shock wave of 1789 after the French Revolution. After abandoning rationalism, he instead emphasized the lively function of imagination and emphasized the poet’s personal outlook on the world as an abstract and revolutionary ideal. Individualism is confirmed, the concept of free creativity is born, and the poet becomes the mysterious creator. As Shelley declared in The Book of Poetry, the poet’s role is to make poems to recreate the world.