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所谓文章结构题，就是指那些针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的发展层次所设置的问题。这类题主要考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。在高考题中，这是一种较为新颖的考查方式，这里，我们将要探讨文章结构题的解题方法。
一、 文章结构题的题干表现形式
1. What is the right order of the steps in doing ...?
2. The second paragraph is developed by ...
3. How is the passage mainly developed?
4. The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with ...
5. Which of the following picture shows the structure of the passage?
6. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you ...
二、 文章结构题的解答技巧
文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或其中的某个段落，在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章——段落的发展方法，因此解题的关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等等。另外，此类题型最常见的考法就是根据整篇文章的叙述发展或论证的步骤、过程推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点。此时，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，而会在上文中给出一定的提示，或是所说明两个事物或人的其余一个，或是两种截然不同的观点的另一方面，总之，作者总会给读者最充分的证据以使读者能对文章的结构作出合理的推断。下面我们以近两年的高考题为例看看文章结构题的解答技巧。
例1： Armstrong showed a great talent(天赋) for music when he was taught to play the cornet(短号) at a boy’s home. In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life of a musician. He played in parades, clubs, and on the steamboats that traveled on the Mississippi River. At that time, New Orleans was famous for the new music of jazz and was home to many great musicians. Armstrong learned from the older musicians and soon became respected as their equal. (2007年陕西卷A篇)
42. The third paragraph is developed________.
A. by space B. by examples
C. by time D. by comparison
解析：题目对节选段落所描述事件的说明方法进行设题。此题需要从文章的细节理解着手。节选段落描写了Armstrong的学艺历程。从“at a boy’s home”和“In his late teens”，我们可以得知节选部分的情节发展方式是按照时间顺序进行的，因此答案为C。
例 2： How can a creature weighing over 5 tons and normally taking 150 kilograms of food and 120 liters of water per day survive in a desert environment?
In the southwest African country of Namibia, and the Sahara lands of Mali further north, the desert elephant does just that.
Although not regarded as a separate species from the African elephant, the desert cousin differs in many ways. Their bodies are smaller to absorb less heat, and their feet are larger for easier walking across sandy surfaces. They are taller, to reach higher branches. They have shorter tusks（象牙）， and most importantly, longer trunks to dig for water in riverbeds.
Desert elephants can travel over 70 kilometers in search for feeding grounds and waterholes, and have a larger group of families, They drink only every 3-4 days, and can store water in a “bag” at the back of their throat, which is only used when badly needed. Desert elephants are careful feeders—they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches, and thus maintain what little food sources are available. Young elephants may even eat the dung（粪便） of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage.
During drought they are unlikely to give birth to their young but with good rains the birth rate will increase greatly. Desert elephants have sand baths, sometimes adding their own urine(尿液) to make them muddy!
As we continue to overheat our weak planet, it can only be hoped that other animal species will adapt as extraordinarily well to change as the desert elephant.（2007年湖北卷 B篇）
67. The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with____________.
A. stories and explanation
B. facts and descriptions
C. examples and conclusion
D. evidence and argument
解析： 答案为B。题目问作者对于文首提出的问题是如何进行解答的。此题需要在通读全文了解了文章大意后才可做出解答。从全文来看，第一段提出了沙漠象如何在恶劣的环境中生存的疑问。接下来，作者一方面对沙漠象的生理构造进行了解释， 另一方面也对沙漠象的生活习性进行说明。比较四个选项可知，作者并没有给我们讲什么故事，故A选项排除；也没有通过例子得出什么结论，故C选项排除；文章只是用一种说明的方式介绍了沙漠象的特点，没有明确主张哪种观点，因此D选项也应排除。
例3： The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet ... We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically （身体上）.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤） instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.(2008年北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central PointP: PointSp: Sub-point(次要点)C： Conclusion
解析： 答案为B。文章主要论述了我们在营养品认识方面所存在的误区以及错误认识给我们带来的危害。作者在第一段提出了营养品正影响着我们的生活，而我们却不知道它潜在的危害。在接下来的两段中，文章从两个方面论述了营养品在精神层面上弱化了我们：一、我们毫不犹豫地相信营养品的作用进而选择它；二、营养品本身给我们带来的危害更大，它让我们相信营养吸收可以变得很简单、直接，进而产生一种可以不劳而获的观念，以为生活是不需要奋斗的。第四段中，作者提出了营养品在物质方面对我们的危害，也就是对身体造成的不良影响。最后，作者通过论述营养品在各个方面给我们所带来的危害后提出了自己的观点。由此分析，我们可以知道作者采用了“总—分—总”的论述方法，而第一个论点由两个小的分论点支撑。
例4： What time is it? Most people are pretty accurate in their answer. And if you don’t know for sure, it’s very likely that you can find out. There may be a watch on your wrist; there may be a clock on the wall, desk, or computer screen; or maybe you’re riding in a car that has a clock in the dashboard(仪表板).
Even if you don’t have a timepiece of some sort nearby, your body keeps its own beat. Humans have an internal clock that regulates(调节) the beating of our heart, the pace of our breathing, the discharge(排出) of chemicals within our bloodstream, and many other bodily functions.
Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
By taking control of how you spend your time, you’ll increase your chances of becoming a more successful student. Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests.
The aim of time management is not to schedule every moment so we become slaves of a timetable that governs every waking moment of the day. Instead, the aim is to permit us to make informed choices as to how we use our time. Rather than letting the day go by, largely without our awareness, what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes.(2008年 江苏卷A篇)
58. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you__________.
A. how to keep up with the times
B. how to make up for lost time
C. how to have a good time
D. how to make good use of time
解析： 答案为D。通读全文，我们不难发现文章主要讨论的是时间管理的问题。首先作者说明了时间在我们生活中的各种各样的表现形式，然后说明合理利用时间的重要性，最后作者提出不能做时间的奴隶，而应该主动把握时间，因此我们可以推断出作者接下来要说的应该是如何充分利用时间。另外我们还能根据文章最后一段中作者所给的提示做出正确的选择：D项中的“make good use of”对应文中“better able to control time”。
一、 文章结构题的题干表现形式
1. What is the right order of the steps in doing ...?
2. The second paragraph is developed by ...
3. How is the passage mainly developed?
4. The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with ...
5. Which of the following picture shows the structure of the passage?
6. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you ...
二、 文章结构题的解答技巧
文章结构题的考查对象无非是整个篇章或其中的某个段落，在解答此类题目之前，有必要对全篇或被考查的段落进行通读以了解其大意。由于题目提问方式较为单一，无非是文章——段落的发展方法，因此解题的关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表示时间、方位、因果关系或对比的关联词等等。另外，此类题型最常见的考法就是根据整篇文章的叙述发展或论证的步骤、过程推测出作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点。此时，同学们要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。这些推断往往不是凭空臆断，而会在上文中给出一定的提示，或是所说明两个事物或人的其余一个，或是两种截然不同的观点的另一方面，总之，作者总会给读者最充分的证据以使读者能对文章的结构作出合理的推断。下面我们以近两年的高考题为例看看文章结构题的解答技巧。
例1： Armstrong showed a great talent(天赋) for music when he was taught to play the cornet(短号) at a boy’s home. In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life of a musician. He played in parades, clubs, and on the steamboats that traveled on the Mississippi River. At that time, New Orleans was famous for the new music of jazz and was home to many great musicians. Armstrong learned from the older musicians and soon became respected as their equal. (2007年陕西卷A篇)
42. The third paragraph is developed________.
A. by space B. by examples
C. by time D. by comparison
解析：题目对节选段落所描述事件的说明方法进行设题。此题需要从文章的细节理解着手。节选段落描写了Armstrong的学艺历程。从“at a boy’s home”和“In his late teens”，我们可以得知节选部分的情节发展方式是按照时间顺序进行的，因此答案为C。
例 2： How can a creature weighing over 5 tons and normally taking 150 kilograms of food and 120 liters of water per day survive in a desert environment?
In the southwest African country of Namibia, and the Sahara lands of Mali further north, the desert elephant does just that.
Although not regarded as a separate species from the African elephant, the desert cousin differs in many ways. Their bodies are smaller to absorb less heat, and their feet are larger for easier walking across sandy surfaces. They are taller, to reach higher branches. They have shorter tusks（象牙）， and most importantly, longer trunks to dig for water in riverbeds.
Desert elephants can travel over 70 kilometers in search for feeding grounds and waterholes, and have a larger group of families, They drink only every 3-4 days, and can store water in a “bag” at the back of their throat, which is only used when badly needed. Desert elephants are careful feeders—they seldom root up trees and break fewer branches, and thus maintain what little food sources are available. Young elephants may even eat the dung（粪便） of the female leader of a group when facing food shortage.
During drought they are unlikely to give birth to their young but with good rains the birth rate will increase greatly. Desert elephants have sand baths, sometimes adding their own urine(尿液) to make them muddy!
As we continue to overheat our weak planet, it can only be hoped that other animal species will adapt as extraordinarily well to change as the desert elephant.（2007年湖北卷 B篇）
67. The author answers the question raised in the first paragraph with____________.
A. stories and explanation
B. facts and descriptions
C. examples and conclusion
D. evidence and argument
解析： 答案为B。题目问作者对于文首提出的问题是如何进行解答的。此题需要在通读全文了解了文章大意后才可做出解答。从全文来看，第一段提出了沙漠象如何在恶劣的环境中生存的疑问。接下来，作者一方面对沙漠象的生理构造进行了解释， 另一方面也对沙漠象的生活习性进行说明。比较四个选项可知，作者并没有给我们讲什么故事，故A选项排除；也没有通过例子得出什么结论，故C选项排除；文章只是用一种说明的方式介绍了沙漠象的特点，没有明确主张哪种观点，因此D选项也应排除。
例3： The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place
Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet ... We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically （身体上）.
Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale（秤） instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word “diet” in food labels.
On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don’t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.
The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients(营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.
Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.(2008年北京卷E篇)
75. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central PointP: PointSp: Sub-point(次要点)C： Conclusion
解析： 答案为B。文章主要论述了我们在营养品认识方面所存在的误区以及错误认识给我们带来的危害。作者在第一段提出了营养品正影响着我们的生活，而我们却不知道它潜在的危害。在接下来的两段中，文章从两个方面论述了营养品在精神层面上弱化了我们：一、我们毫不犹豫地相信营养品的作用进而选择它；二、营养品本身给我们带来的危害更大，它让我们相信营养吸收可以变得很简单、直接，进而产生一种可以不劳而获的观念，以为生活是不需要奋斗的。第四段中，作者提出了营养品在物质方面对我们的危害，也就是对身体造成的不良影响。最后，作者通过论述营养品在各个方面给我们所带来的危害后提出了自己的观点。由此分析，我们可以知道作者采用了“总—分—总”的论述方法，而第一个论点由两个小的分论点支撑。
例4： What time is it? Most people are pretty accurate in their answer. And if you don’t know for sure, it’s very likely that you can find out. There may be a watch on your wrist; there may be a clock on the wall, desk, or computer screen; or maybe you’re riding in a car that has a clock in the dashboard(仪表板).
Even if you don’t have a timepiece of some sort nearby, your body keeps its own beat. Humans have an internal clock that regulates(调节) the beating of our heart, the pace of our breathing, the discharge(排出) of chemicals within our bloodstream, and many other bodily functions.
Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
By taking control of how you spend your time, you’ll increase your chances of becoming a more successful student. Perhaps more importantly, the better you are at managing the time you devote to your studies, the more time you will have to spend on your outside interests.
The aim of time management is not to schedule every moment so we become slaves of a timetable that governs every waking moment of the day. Instead, the aim is to permit us to make informed choices as to how we use our time. Rather than letting the day go by, largely without our awareness, what we are going to discuss next can make us better able to control time for our own purposes.(2008年 江苏卷A篇)
58. In the next part, the author would most probably discuss with you__________.
A. how to keep up with the times
B. how to make up for lost time
C. how to have a good time
D. how to make good use of time
解析： 答案为D。通读全文，我们不难发现文章主要讨论的是时间管理的问题。首先作者说明了时间在我们生活中的各种各样的表现形式，然后说明合理利用时间的重要性，最后作者提出不能做时间的奴隶，而应该主动把握时间，因此我们可以推断出作者接下来要说的应该是如何充分利用时间。另外我们还能根据文章最后一段中作者所给的提示做出正确的选择：D项中的“make good use of”对应文中“better able to control time”。