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摘要:正确理解掌握几种常见的修辞方法可以帮助学习者更好地欣赏和品味语言,拓宽文化视野,激发学习兴趣。本文就现行高中英语教材中出现的修辞现象为例,简要分析了比喻、拟人、排比、夸张、委婉语等几种修辞格。
关键词:高中英语教材;修辞格;修辞手法
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2013)17-0114
在当今的高中英语教学中,大多教师认为修辞不是教学重点或是高不可攀的东西而将其束之高阁。其实,教育部英语课程标准研制组公布的《英语课程标准》已经把初级英语语法与修辞作为模块列入高中学生的选修课程。毫无疑问,了解和正确理解修辞手法是阅读的重要技能,它能帮助学生更好地理解文章的内容,欣赏和品味生动形象的语言,拓宽文化视野,提高审美和鉴赏力,并能激发学生学习英语文化的兴趣。我们不妨撩开修辞格的神秘面纱,一探其真实面貌。
一、巧用比喻,生动形象
1. Life is like theatre, and theatre is like life. (SEFC 1B P21)
2. His hair was black and his teeth as white as snow, but his skin was yellow. ( SEFC 2B P15)
3. Mercy falls like the gentle rain from the sky upon the earth. (SEFC 2B P 68)
4. But relief soon spread through Rome like the golden rays of the dawn itself. (SEFC BIII P53)
5. So now Della’s long, beautiful hair fell about her shoulders like a cascade of brown waters. (SEFC BIII P85)
6. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her. (SEFC 1A P24)
7. As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet’s nurseries. (SEFC 2B P22)
8. Down flowed the brown cascade. (SEFC BIII P 85)
比喻是最常用的一种修辞格,最为人所熟悉的是明喻(Simile)和隐喻(Metaphor)。如上1-5个句子使用了明喻,它把两种具有共同特征的事物加以对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,且本体、喻体和比喻词三者都在句中出现。常用的比喻词有like, as…as, as if, as though等。而句6-8则运用了隐喻,它是根据两个事物的某些共同特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式,因不借助比喻词的帮助而显得更简练含蓄。其典型形式是A is B。比喻能化平淡为生动,化深奥为浅显,化抽象为具体,化冗长为简洁。
二、善用拟人,增辉添彩
1. The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. (SEFC 1A P24)
2. The world is getting bigger, or at least fatter. (SEFC 1B P74)
3. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s second largest city, stretches itself lazily along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. (SEFC 2B P35)
拟人(Personification)是把人类的特点或特性赋予外界事物上,使之具有人格化的修辞方法。上面三个句子中,用人们囫囵吞咽的动作“swallow”生动地描写出洪水的肆虐,用“fatter”来警告人们不注意健康饮食的后果,用“lazily”来描写Rio de Janeiro悠闲地绵延在大西洋海岸,真是栩栩如生,活灵活现。拟人句具有思想的跳跃性,既可以增强语言的绚丽色彩,鲜明地表达作者的喜怒爱憎情感,也可以激发读者的想象,对描写的事物产生鲜明深刻的印象。
三、恰用排比,气势如虹
The history of the South is one of suffering: the suffering of the Native Americans who were killed or driven off their land by European settlers; the pains of slaves brought from?Africa by greedy slave traders; the death and poverty of the Civil War; the hardships of unemployment and civil unrest in the post-war years and the Great Depression; the many sacrifices of the Civil Rights Movement. (SEFC 2B P43)
排比(Parallelism)是把结构相同或相似,意思密切关联,语气一致的成串的句子或短语接连说出来,用以加强语言的气势,表达深刻的思想、复杂的事物或沸腾的感情。上例中作者以五个相同的“...of”結构呈现出一幅美国南方所经历的辛酸悲惨的历史画卷,紧紧吸引住了读者的目光并令人深思。排比这种修辞手段在Martin Luther King脍炙人口的演讲名篇“I have a dream”中可谓运用到了极致。演讲高潮部分的“I have a dream that one day...”和“let freedom ring from...”更是声韵和谐,铿锵有力,以排山倒海的气势征服了无数听众或读者,令人热血沸腾,热泪盈眶。 四、夸张渲染,烘托意境
1. There is a world of music out there! (SEFC 1A P73)
2. Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never, never a moment’s rest. (SEFC 1B P17)
3. Let me take you in my arms and say goodbye, I love you more than my own life, more than my wife, and more than all the world. (SEFC 2B P68)
我們在说话和写文章的时候,为了突出某一事物的本质特征、表达强烈的感情,在客观事实的基础上,运用丰富的想象力,故意对事物的某些方面作夸大或缩小的描述,给人以异乎寻常的感觉,以增强感染力,这种修辞方法叫夸张(Hyperbole)。用这种描写方法夸饰,可以使描述的形象更突出,渲染气氛,烘托意境,给人留下更深刻的印象。
五、委婉含蓄,迂回避讳
1. Suffering from heart problems for more than four years, Linnaeus passed away in 1778. (SEFC BIII P33)
2. At that time in the southern states, blacks were not treated as equal citizens. (SEFC 2B P28)
3. In the year 2000, he was invited to study in London and became the first visually impaired Chinese to study abroad. (SEFC 2B P52)
4. In this way he made a call upon the rich to have mercy on the people who were less well off. (SEFC BIII P195)
5. A large lady from Corfu wished to travel to Peru. (SEFC 2A P25)
委婉语(Euphemism)就是用比较含蓄、文雅或幽默的话语来表达人们所忌讳的、令人不愉快的事情的语言。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。“死”是人们最忌讳的话题,由此也衍生出了很多委婉的说法,如“pass away, go to heaven, rest in peace, breathe one’s last, kick the bucket, come to an end, pay one’s fee”等等。
语言是人们进行交流的工具,而修辞更是一门艺术,它能使语言更加形象生动、诙谐幽默,更富有感染力。对于英语学习者来说,通过提高修辞素养,才能更好地拓展文化视野,增加英语阅读欣赏能力,提高说话艺术和写作技巧,真正学好英语这门语言。对高中英语教师来说,谙熟英语修辞格能帮助他们更好地剖析课文,不仅可以使课文讲解生动、加深学生印象,还可以激发学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性。随着新课程教育理念的进一步深入,向高中生适当地一介绍英语修辞格知识的重要性和可行性势必会被越来越多的教师所认识。
参考文献:
[1] 刘道义. 全日制普通高级中学教科书英语(1-3册)[S].北京: 人民教育出版社, 2005.
[2] 教育部. 英语课程标准(实验稿)[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2003.
[3] 梁丽.浅谈英语修辞方法[J].中国科技信息,2005(10).
关键词:高中英语教材;修辞格;修辞手法
中图分类号:G632.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1992-7711(2013)17-0114
在当今的高中英语教学中,大多教师认为修辞不是教学重点或是高不可攀的东西而将其束之高阁。其实,教育部英语课程标准研制组公布的《英语课程标准》已经把初级英语语法与修辞作为模块列入高中学生的选修课程。毫无疑问,了解和正确理解修辞手法是阅读的重要技能,它能帮助学生更好地理解文章的内容,欣赏和品味生动形象的语言,拓宽文化视野,提高审美和鉴赏力,并能激发学生学习英语文化的兴趣。我们不妨撩开修辞格的神秘面纱,一探其真实面貌。
一、巧用比喻,生动形象
1. Life is like theatre, and theatre is like life. (SEFC 1B P21)
2. His hair was black and his teeth as white as snow, but his skin was yellow. ( SEFC 2B P15)
3. Mercy falls like the gentle rain from the sky upon the earth. (SEFC 2B P 68)
4. But relief soon spread through Rome like the golden rays of the dawn itself. (SEFC BIII P53)
5. So now Della’s long, beautiful hair fell about her shoulders like a cascade of brown waters. (SEFC BIII P85)
6. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her. (SEFC 1A P24)
7. As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet’s nurseries. (SEFC 2B P22)
8. Down flowed the brown cascade. (SEFC BIII P 85)
比喻是最常用的一种修辞格,最为人所熟悉的是明喻(Simile)和隐喻(Metaphor)。如上1-5个句子使用了明喻,它把两种具有共同特征的事物加以对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,且本体、喻体和比喻词三者都在句中出现。常用的比喻词有like, as…as, as if, as though等。而句6-8则运用了隐喻,它是根据两个事物的某些共同特征,用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式,因不借助比喻词的帮助而显得更简练含蓄。其典型形式是A is B。比喻能化平淡为生动,化深奥为浅显,化抽象为具体,化冗长为简洁。
二、善用拟人,增辉添彩
1. The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. (SEFC 1A P24)
2. The world is getting bigger, or at least fatter. (SEFC 1B P74)
3. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s second largest city, stretches itself lazily along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. (SEFC 2B P35)
拟人(Personification)是把人类的特点或特性赋予外界事物上,使之具有人格化的修辞方法。上面三个句子中,用人们囫囵吞咽的动作“swallow”生动地描写出洪水的肆虐,用“fatter”来警告人们不注意健康饮食的后果,用“lazily”来描写Rio de Janeiro悠闲地绵延在大西洋海岸,真是栩栩如生,活灵活现。拟人句具有思想的跳跃性,既可以增强语言的绚丽色彩,鲜明地表达作者的喜怒爱憎情感,也可以激发读者的想象,对描写的事物产生鲜明深刻的印象。
三、恰用排比,气势如虹
The history of the South is one of suffering: the suffering of the Native Americans who were killed or driven off their land by European settlers; the pains of slaves brought from?Africa by greedy slave traders; the death and poverty of the Civil War; the hardships of unemployment and civil unrest in the post-war years and the Great Depression; the many sacrifices of the Civil Rights Movement. (SEFC 2B P43)
排比(Parallelism)是把结构相同或相似,意思密切关联,语气一致的成串的句子或短语接连说出来,用以加强语言的气势,表达深刻的思想、复杂的事物或沸腾的感情。上例中作者以五个相同的“...of”結构呈现出一幅美国南方所经历的辛酸悲惨的历史画卷,紧紧吸引住了读者的目光并令人深思。排比这种修辞手段在Martin Luther King脍炙人口的演讲名篇“I have a dream”中可谓运用到了极致。演讲高潮部分的“I have a dream that one day...”和“let freedom ring from...”更是声韵和谐,铿锵有力,以排山倒海的气势征服了无数听众或读者,令人热血沸腾,热泪盈眶。 四、夸张渲染,烘托意境
1. There is a world of music out there! (SEFC 1A P73)
2. Years of hard work, very little food, only a small cold room to live in and never, never a moment’s rest. (SEFC 1B P17)
3. Let me take you in my arms and say goodbye, I love you more than my own life, more than my wife, and more than all the world. (SEFC 2B P68)
我們在说话和写文章的时候,为了突出某一事物的本质特征、表达强烈的感情,在客观事实的基础上,运用丰富的想象力,故意对事物的某些方面作夸大或缩小的描述,给人以异乎寻常的感觉,以增强感染力,这种修辞方法叫夸张(Hyperbole)。用这种描写方法夸饰,可以使描述的形象更突出,渲染气氛,烘托意境,给人留下更深刻的印象。
五、委婉含蓄,迂回避讳
1. Suffering from heart problems for more than four years, Linnaeus passed away in 1778. (SEFC BIII P33)
2. At that time in the southern states, blacks were not treated as equal citizens. (SEFC 2B P28)
3. In the year 2000, he was invited to study in London and became the first visually impaired Chinese to study abroad. (SEFC 2B P52)
4. In this way he made a call upon the rich to have mercy on the people who were less well off. (SEFC BIII P195)
5. A large lady from Corfu wished to travel to Peru. (SEFC 2A P25)
委婉语(Euphemism)就是用比较含蓄、文雅或幽默的话语来表达人们所忌讳的、令人不愉快的事情的语言。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。“死”是人们最忌讳的话题,由此也衍生出了很多委婉的说法,如“pass away, go to heaven, rest in peace, breathe one’s last, kick the bucket, come to an end, pay one’s fee”等等。
语言是人们进行交流的工具,而修辞更是一门艺术,它能使语言更加形象生动、诙谐幽默,更富有感染力。对于英语学习者来说,通过提高修辞素养,才能更好地拓展文化视野,增加英语阅读欣赏能力,提高说话艺术和写作技巧,真正学好英语这门语言。对高中英语教师来说,谙熟英语修辞格能帮助他们更好地剖析课文,不仅可以使课文讲解生动、加深学生印象,还可以激发学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性。随着新课程教育理念的进一步深入,向高中生适当地一介绍英语修辞格知识的重要性和可行性势必会被越来越多的教师所认识。
参考文献:
[1] 刘道义. 全日制普通高级中学教科书英语(1-3册)[S].北京: 人民教育出版社, 2005.
[2] 教育部. 英语课程标准(实验稿)[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2003.
[3] 梁丽.浅谈英语修辞方法[J].中国科技信息,2005(10).