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一、生态学与生态系统1866年德国 E.Haeckel 最早提出“生态学”概念,他在“有机体普通形态学原理”一书中,给生态学下定义为研究有机体和它们与环境之间相互关系的科学。他说:“我们可以把生态学理解为关于有机体与周围外部世界关系的一般科学,外部世界是广义的生存条件”。1935年英国生态学家 A.G.Tansley提出“生态系统”概念,他说:“我们对生物体的基本看法是:有机体不能与它们的环境分开,而与环境形成一个自然系统”、即生态系统。生态系统包括整个生物群落及其所住的环境,是一个自然体系统的整体,包括生物与非生物,生物群落与生境处于相互
I. Ecology and Ecosystem The concept of ecology was first proposed by E. Haeckel in Germany in 1866. In his book Principles of Ordinary Morphogenesis, he defined ecology as the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment Science. He said: “We can understand ecology as a general science about the relationship between organisms and the surrounding external world, which is a broad living condition.” In 1935, A.G.Tansley, a British ecologist, put forward the concept of “ecosystem.” He said: "Our basic view of the organism is that organisms can not be separated from their environment but form a natural system with the environment, that is, the ecosystem. The ecosystem includes the entire biological community and the environment in which it lives. It is a system of natural systems, including living things and non-living things.