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【摘要】 目的:觀察和比较全髋关节置换术与半髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析本院骨科2016年2月-2017年12月住院期间实施外科手术治疗的80例老年股骨颈骨折患者病例资料,根据选择髋关节置换手术的类型将其分为全髋关节置换术组(A组)和半髋关节置换术组(B组),各40例。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、总引流量及完全负重时间,术后3、6个月髋关节Harris评分、假体髋臼前倾角及假体髋臼外展角变化,以及术后6个月并发症发生情况。结果:两组术后住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均明显高于B组,完全负重时间明显短于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组术后3、6个月Harris评分及假体髋臼前倾角均明显高于B组,假体髋臼外展角明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组术后6个月感染、假体松动、髋部疼痛及静脉栓塞并发症发生率为12.50%,明显低于B组的25.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:老年股骨颈骨折患者实施全髋关节置换术疗效优于半髋关节置换术,有助于髋关节功能尽快恢复,术后并发症发生率也明显降低。
【关键词】 全髋关节置换术; 半髋关节置换术; 股骨颈骨折
【Abstract】 Objective:To observe and compare the clinical effect of total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fracture in elderly.Method:The clinical data of 80 elderly patients with femoral neck fracture who treated surgically from February 2016 to December 2017 in our Department of Orthopedics were analyzed retrospectively.According to the type of hip arthroplasty,they were divided into total hip arthroplasty group(A group) and hemiarthroplasty group(B group),40 cases in each group.The operation time,intraoperative bleeding volume,postoperative hospitalization time,total flow rate and full weight loading time were compared between two groups;the the changes of hip joint Harris score,acetabular anteversion angle and acetabular abduction angle were compared between the two groups after operation 3 and 6 months,the incidence of complications were compared between the two groups after operation 6 months.Result: There was no significant difference in postoperative hospitalization time between two groups(P>0.05);the operation time,the amount of intraoperative bleeding and the total flow rate of A group were significantly higher than those of B group,the full weight loading time was significantly shorter than that of B group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).After operation 3 and 6 months,the Harris scores and the hip prosthesis acetabular anteversion angle of A group were significantly higher than those of B group,the acetabular abduction angle was significantly lower than that of B group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).After operation 6 months,the incidence of complications such as infection, prosthesis loosening,hip pain and venous embolism of A group at 6 months after operation was 12.50%,which was significantly lower than 25.00% of B group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:The effect of total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture is better than that of hemiarthroplasty,which helps to recover the hip function as soon as possible,and significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. 【Key words】 Total hip arthroplasty; Hemiarthroplasty; Femoral neck fracture
First-author’s address:Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Dinghu District,Zhaoqing 526073,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.15.015
各种内外因素所致股骨颈骨折是导致股骨头坏死发生的重要原因,尤其老年人群多数合并有严重的骨质疏松症,股骨颈骨折发生率也明显高于其他年龄人群[1-2]。老年股骨颈骨折患者常继发出现骨折迁延不愈、股骨头无菌性坏死等严重并发症,对患者身体健康和生活质量均造成不利影响[3-4]。因此,临床上应采取积极有效的治疗措施改善老年股骨颈骨折患者的临床症状、降低并发症发生率和提高生活质量[4-5],但采取保守治疗以及内固定术均难以获得理想的效果[6],近些年多选择髋关节置换术作为首选治疗方法,但选择何种类型的髋关节置换术仍存在较大的争议[7-8]。故本研究拟观察和比较全髋关节置换术与半髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床效果,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 回顾性分析本院骨科2016年2月-2017年12月住院期间实施外科手术治疗的80例老年股骨颈骨折患者资料。纳入标准:(1)年龄均>60岁;(2)手术治疗前经体格检查、髋关节正侧位X线片等均已确诊,且均为单侧股骨颈骨折;(3)均未伴随心、肝、脑、肾等重要脏器严重障碍疾病,且能耐受髋关节置换术。排除标准:(1)既往合并有糖尿病、高血压等基础性疾病,且经对症支持治疗后难以得到有效控制;(2)身体状态无法耐受髋关节置换术;(3)意识功能障碍,或无法配合手术。根据选择髋关节置换手术的类型将其分为全髋关节置换术组(A组)和半髋关节置换术组(B组),各40例。该研究经本院医学研究伦理委员会批准。
1.2 治疗方法 所有患者手术治疗前均应仔细评估心、肝、肾、脑等重要脏器的生理功能状态,并采取积极有效的对症支持措施予以有效控制,此外还需严密监测患者生命体征相关指标变化,确保术前患者上述指标处于平稳状态,以便实施手术治疗。A组:患者采取全髋关节置换术进行治疗,根据患者具体身体状态选择全身麻醉或硬膜外麻醉,健侧卧位为手术体位,常规消毒铺巾后,从患侧后外侧部位入路,行一手术切口直至肌肉,将患侧髋关节予以完全暴露,取出关节囊,将髋关节外旋、内收后使得股骨头出现脱位,并小心取出,将假体植入并予以妥善固定处理。彻底清除髋臼内软骨后选择人工髋臼置入,仔细调整人工股骨头与髋臼之间的解剖位置,使得两者均处于最佳位置。手术结束后观察是否存在脱位倾向现象,如无异常可缝合关闭切口并留置引流管。B组:患者采取半髋关节置换术进行治疗,手术操作步骤同A组,但B组仅将人工股骨柄植入,不需要安装人工髋臼。所有患者手术结束后均静脉滴注抗生素3 d预防感染治疗,同时确保患侧髋关节始终处于外展中立位状态,此外可服用适当剂量抗凝药物预防术后静脉血栓的发生,术后3 d可进行髋关节生理功能训练运动。
1.3 观察指标 比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、总引流量及完全负重时间;比较两组术后3、6个月髋关节Harris评分、假体髋臼前倾角及假体髋臼外展角变化;比较两组术后6个月感染、假体松动、髋部疼痛及静脉栓塞并发症发生率。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 16.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数資料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较 A组:男20例,女
20例;平均年龄(68.7±7.9)岁;骨折部位左侧17例,右侧23例;临床分型GardenⅢ型18例、Ⅳ型22例;基础性疾病高血压22例,糖尿病15例,其他12例。B组:男18例,女22例;平均年龄(69.6±8.2)岁;骨折部位左侧16例,右侧24例;临床分型为GardenⅢ型16例、Ⅳ型24例;基础性疾病高血压20例,糖尿病16例,其他14例。两组患者的性别、年龄等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 两组手术相关指标比较 两组术后住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均明显高于B组,完全负重时间明显短于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.3 两组术后3、6个月髋臼角度和Harris评分变化比较 A组术后3、6个月Harris评分及假体髋臼前倾角均明显高于B组,假体髋臼外展角均明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.4 两组术后6个月并发症情况比较 A组术后6个月感染、假体松动、髋部疼痛及静脉栓塞并发症发生率为12.50%,明显低于B组的25.00%,差异有统计学意义(字2=4.126,P=0.045),见表3。
3 讨论
老年股骨颈骨折患者长期骨折迁延不愈合,或者出现股骨头无菌性坏死均可对患者生活质量以及生命安全造成不利影响,因此尽快实施髋关节置换术进行治疗显得极为重要[9-10]。但采取何种类型的髋关节置换术仍未达成一致,有研究认为全髋关节置换术治疗后患者髋关节生理学功能可尽快恢复[11-12],而其他研究则认为伴随有较多并发症的老年患者应优先选择半髋关节置换术进行治疗,更具有人性化[13-14]。
本研究结果显示,A组手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均明显高于B组,完全负重时间明显短于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),此结果提示虽然全髋关节置换术手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均高于半髋关节置换术,但可明显缩短完全负重时间,患者术后病情恢复速度较快,分析原因在于实施全髋关节置换术治疗后,人工髋臼和人工假体可更好地相互结合,术后髋关节疼痛程度较半髋关节置换术明显减轻,故可较早完全负重运动,与其他研究结果相符[15-16]。本研究发现,全髋关节置换术组术后不同时间的Harris评分、假体髋臼前倾角及假体髋臼外展角均明显优于半髋关节置换术组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),此原因在于老年患者实施全髋关节置换术治疗后可更好地进行髋关节功能康复训练,髋关节屈曲、外展等生理功能恢复情况相对较好,假体与髋臼匹配程度较高,更近似于人体下肢生物力学状态,可保持较好的假体髋臼前倾角和外展角[17-18]。本研究还发现,全髋关节置换术组术后6个月并发症发生率明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。分析原因可能是半髋关节置换术未对髋臼予以针对性处理,尤其假体可对髋臼造成一定程度的磨损,故术后易出现较多并发症[19-20]。 综上所述,老年股骨颈骨折患者实施全髋关节置换术疗效优于半髋关节置换术,有助于髋关节功能尽快恢复,术后并发症发生率也明显降低。
参考文献
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【关键词】 全髋关节置换术; 半髋关节置换术; 股骨颈骨折
【Abstract】 Objective:To observe and compare the clinical effect of total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of femoral neck fracture in elderly.Method:The clinical data of 80 elderly patients with femoral neck fracture who treated surgically from February 2016 to December 2017 in our Department of Orthopedics were analyzed retrospectively.According to the type of hip arthroplasty,they were divided into total hip arthroplasty group(A group) and hemiarthroplasty group(B group),40 cases in each group.The operation time,intraoperative bleeding volume,postoperative hospitalization time,total flow rate and full weight loading time were compared between two groups;the the changes of hip joint Harris score,acetabular anteversion angle and acetabular abduction angle were compared between the two groups after operation 3 and 6 months,the incidence of complications were compared between the two groups after operation 6 months.Result: There was no significant difference in postoperative hospitalization time between two groups(P>0.05);the operation time,the amount of intraoperative bleeding and the total flow rate of A group were significantly higher than those of B group,the full weight loading time was significantly shorter than that of B group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).After operation 3 and 6 months,the Harris scores and the hip prosthesis acetabular anteversion angle of A group were significantly higher than those of B group,the acetabular abduction angle was significantly lower than that of B group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).After operation 6 months,the incidence of complications such as infection, prosthesis loosening,hip pain and venous embolism of A group at 6 months after operation was 12.50%,which was significantly lower than 25.00% of B group,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:The effect of total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of elderly patients with femoral neck fracture is better than that of hemiarthroplasty,which helps to recover the hip function as soon as possible,and significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. 【Key words】 Total hip arthroplasty; Hemiarthroplasty; Femoral neck fracture
First-author’s address:Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Dinghu District,Zhaoqing 526073,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.15.015
各种内外因素所致股骨颈骨折是导致股骨头坏死发生的重要原因,尤其老年人群多数合并有严重的骨质疏松症,股骨颈骨折发生率也明显高于其他年龄人群[1-2]。老年股骨颈骨折患者常继发出现骨折迁延不愈、股骨头无菌性坏死等严重并发症,对患者身体健康和生活质量均造成不利影响[3-4]。因此,临床上应采取积极有效的治疗措施改善老年股骨颈骨折患者的临床症状、降低并发症发生率和提高生活质量[4-5],但采取保守治疗以及内固定术均难以获得理想的效果[6],近些年多选择髋关节置换术作为首选治疗方法,但选择何种类型的髋关节置换术仍存在较大的争议[7-8]。故本研究拟观察和比较全髋关节置换术与半髋关节置换术治疗老年股骨颈骨折的临床效果,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 回顾性分析本院骨科2016年2月-2017年12月住院期间实施外科手术治疗的80例老年股骨颈骨折患者资料。纳入标准:(1)年龄均>60岁;(2)手术治疗前经体格检查、髋关节正侧位X线片等均已确诊,且均为单侧股骨颈骨折;(3)均未伴随心、肝、脑、肾等重要脏器严重障碍疾病,且能耐受髋关节置换术。排除标准:(1)既往合并有糖尿病、高血压等基础性疾病,且经对症支持治疗后难以得到有效控制;(2)身体状态无法耐受髋关节置换术;(3)意识功能障碍,或无法配合手术。根据选择髋关节置换手术的类型将其分为全髋关节置换术组(A组)和半髋关节置换术组(B组),各40例。该研究经本院医学研究伦理委员会批准。
1.2 治疗方法 所有患者手术治疗前均应仔细评估心、肝、肾、脑等重要脏器的生理功能状态,并采取积极有效的对症支持措施予以有效控制,此外还需严密监测患者生命体征相关指标变化,确保术前患者上述指标处于平稳状态,以便实施手术治疗。A组:患者采取全髋关节置换术进行治疗,根据患者具体身体状态选择全身麻醉或硬膜外麻醉,健侧卧位为手术体位,常规消毒铺巾后,从患侧后外侧部位入路,行一手术切口直至肌肉,将患侧髋关节予以完全暴露,取出关节囊,将髋关节外旋、内收后使得股骨头出现脱位,并小心取出,将假体植入并予以妥善固定处理。彻底清除髋臼内软骨后选择人工髋臼置入,仔细调整人工股骨头与髋臼之间的解剖位置,使得两者均处于最佳位置。手术结束后观察是否存在脱位倾向现象,如无异常可缝合关闭切口并留置引流管。B组:患者采取半髋关节置换术进行治疗,手术操作步骤同A组,但B组仅将人工股骨柄植入,不需要安装人工髋臼。所有患者手术结束后均静脉滴注抗生素3 d预防感染治疗,同时确保患侧髋关节始终处于外展中立位状态,此外可服用适当剂量抗凝药物预防术后静脉血栓的发生,术后3 d可进行髋关节生理功能训练运动。
1.3 观察指标 比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、总引流量及完全负重时间;比较两组术后3、6个月髋关节Harris评分、假体髋臼前倾角及假体髋臼外展角变化;比较两组术后6个月感染、假体松动、髋部疼痛及静脉栓塞并发症发生率。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 16.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数資料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般资料比较 A组:男20例,女
20例;平均年龄(68.7±7.9)岁;骨折部位左侧17例,右侧23例;临床分型GardenⅢ型18例、Ⅳ型22例;基础性疾病高血压22例,糖尿病15例,其他12例。B组:男18例,女22例;平均年龄(69.6±8.2)岁;骨折部位左侧16例,右侧24例;临床分型为GardenⅢ型16例、Ⅳ型24例;基础性疾病高血压20例,糖尿病16例,其他14例。两组患者的性别、年龄等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 两组手术相关指标比较 两组术后住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均明显高于B组,完全负重时间明显短于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.3 两组术后3、6个月髋臼角度和Harris评分变化比较 A组术后3、6个月Harris评分及假体髋臼前倾角均明显高于B组,假体髋臼外展角均明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.4 两组术后6个月并发症情况比较 A组术后6个月感染、假体松动、髋部疼痛及静脉栓塞并发症发生率为12.50%,明显低于B组的25.00%,差异有统计学意义(字2=4.126,P=0.045),见表3。
3 讨论
老年股骨颈骨折患者长期骨折迁延不愈合,或者出现股骨头无菌性坏死均可对患者生活质量以及生命安全造成不利影响,因此尽快实施髋关节置换术进行治疗显得极为重要[9-10]。但采取何种类型的髋关节置换术仍未达成一致,有研究认为全髋关节置换术治疗后患者髋关节生理学功能可尽快恢复[11-12],而其他研究则认为伴随有较多并发症的老年患者应优先选择半髋关节置换术进行治疗,更具有人性化[13-14]。
本研究结果显示,A组手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均明显高于B组,完全负重时间明显短于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),此结果提示虽然全髋关节置换术手术时间、术中出血量及总引流量均高于半髋关节置换术,但可明显缩短完全负重时间,患者术后病情恢复速度较快,分析原因在于实施全髋关节置换术治疗后,人工髋臼和人工假体可更好地相互结合,术后髋关节疼痛程度较半髋关节置换术明显减轻,故可较早完全负重运动,与其他研究结果相符[15-16]。本研究发现,全髋关节置换术组术后不同时间的Harris评分、假体髋臼前倾角及假体髋臼外展角均明显优于半髋关节置换术组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),此原因在于老年患者实施全髋关节置换术治疗后可更好地进行髋关节功能康复训练,髋关节屈曲、外展等生理功能恢复情况相对较好,假体与髋臼匹配程度较高,更近似于人体下肢生物力学状态,可保持较好的假体髋臼前倾角和外展角[17-18]。本研究还发现,全髋关节置换术组术后6个月并发症发生率明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。分析原因可能是半髋关节置换术未对髋臼予以针对性处理,尤其假体可对髋臼造成一定程度的磨损,故术后易出现较多并发症[19-20]。 综上所述,老年股骨颈骨折患者实施全髋关节置换术疗效优于半髋关节置换术,有助于髋关节功能尽快恢复,术后并发症发生率也明显降低。
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