We report three-dimensional fluorescence emission difference (3D-FED) microscopy using a spatial light modulator (SLM). Zero phase, 0–2π vortex phase and binary 0-pi phase are loaded on the SLM to generate the corresponding solid, doughnut and z-axis holl
The effect of thickness ratio of two materials on the residual stress was studied in HfO2/SiO2 multilayers deposited by electron beam evaporation on BK7 glass substrates. An optical interferometer was used to analyze the residual stress, and X-ray diffrac