论文部分内容阅读
清代官文书有严格的等级制度。官府往来文书中的上行文、平行文、下行文,由于行文等级不同,程式有很大的区别:除公文用语、文字书写位置外,标记也有很大差别。本文仅略述下行文的标记——标朱制度。下行文的最重要标志是标朱。所谓标朱,就是在文件的一定部位,用朱笔作一特定标记或写一些字句。它不但起标明重点的作用,更重要的是显示了上级官衙的权力与威势。清朝,用朱笔书写与批示文件是一种特权。皇帝是国家的最高统治者,具有至高无上的权威,书写谕旨,在奏折上作批,使用朱笔,叫作“朱谕”、“朱批”;内阁批本处代皇帝在题奏本章上写批也用朱笔,是因为代皇帝行使权力,称为“批红”,内阁在副本上抄录本章上的“批红”就只能用墨笔了,叫作“墨判”,绝对不能使用朱笔。县官为亲民之官,清代允许县官在给诉讼案件写判词的时候使用红笔,一些大臣对此很不满意,认为是潜越行为。用朱笔书写文件是权力的象征,用朱笔在文件上作标记,也是上官权势与威严的象征。因此,标朱只能用于下行文,上行、平行文种不能使用。
Qing Dynasty official documents have a strict hierarchy. Official correspondence between the upper essay, parallel language, the next article, due to the different levels of writing, the program has a very big difference: In addition to official language, writing position, the mark is also very different. This article only outlines the next token - standard system. The most important symbol of the next article is marked Zhu. The so-called standard Zhu, that is, in a certain part of the document, Zhu pen for a specific mark or write some words. It not only shows the key role, but more importantly shows the authority and authority of the higher government offices. The Qing Dynasty, with Zhu Pen writing and instructions documents is a privilege. The emperor is the supreme ruler of the country, with the supreme authority, writing the imperial edict, make the approval on the memorial, use the pen, called “Zhu Encyclical”, “Zhu batch”; With Zhu Pen, it is because on behalf of the emperor exercise his power, called “criticism”. The cabinet copies a copy of the “criticism” on this chapter can only use ink pen, called “ink judgment”, absolutely can not use the pen. The magistrate was the official of the people, and in the Qing Dynasty, the magistrate allowed the magistrate to use the red pen when he wrote the verdict in the litigation case. Some ministers were not satisfied with it and regarded it as a potential act. Writing documents with Zhu Pen is a symbol of power, marked with a pen in the document, and a symbol of Shangguan’s authority and dignity. Therefore, the standard Zhu can only be used for the next article, the uplink, parallel languages can not be used.