亚里士多德在《尼各马可伦理学》中,讨论了公正与意愿行为、意愿与选择以及意愿与行为责任的问题。这些问题实际上就是我们今天所说的意志自由和道德责任的关系问题,以及判断道德行为的标准问题。亚里士多德把行为者的意愿,即主观动机作为判断一个人是否应对其行为负责的必要条件,他 Aristotle discussed the issues of just and willing behavior, will and choice, and the will and conduct of responsibility in Nicomachean Ethics. These questions are actually the question of the relationship between the freedom of will and the moral responsibility we are talking about today and the standard of judging moral behavior. Aristotle considers the will of the actor, subjective motivation, as a necessary condition for judging whether a person is responsible for his actions or not, and he