Studies concing correlations between pituitary adenomas and cell apoptosis have mainly focused on upstream apoptosis signaling, but seldom on downstream mediators. In the present study, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and caspase-3 protein were qualitatively analyzed using iunohistochemistry, and quantified by west blot. Smac, XIAP, and caspase-3 mRNA expressions were detected by reverse transcription-PCR. Results showed that XIAP protein and mRNA expressions were greater in the invasive pituitary adenoma group compared with the noninvasive pituitary adenoma group. However, Smac and caspase-3 protein and mRNA expressions were lower in the invasive pituitary adenoma group compared with the noninvasive pituitary adenoma group. In the invasive pituitary adenomas, Smac expression was positively correlated with caspase-3 protein and mRNA expression (Protein: r=0.55, P<0.01;mRNA: r=0.50, P<0.01). Smac and caspase-3 expressions were negatively correlated with XIAP protein and mRNA expression (Protein: r=-0.56, -0.64, P<0.01;mRNA:r=-0.69,-0.67,P<0.01). However, no significant differences in correlation among ac, XIAP, and caspase-3 were detectable in noninvasive pituitary adenomas. These data indicated that high expression of XIAP and low expression of Smac and caspase-3 suppressed cell apoptosis and led to enhanced invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. Thus, Smac, XIAP, and caspase-3 may be useful markers in determining the invasive behavior of pituitary adenomas.