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据建设部1991年末统计,全国万人以上的施工企业有73家。其中,中央部属国有施工企业57家。分布于冶金系统(包括有色)20家,铁道系统23家,建设系统12家,水电系统8家,交通系统2家,其他系统8家。 这些企业有着大体相同的基本特征:基地依托于大中城市;国有固定资产1亿元以上;经营范围建筑、安装、生产加工及第三产业;在建筑业中居于大中型工程项目施工的龙头地位;施工点多、面广、战线长,流动性大;内部管理层次多,一般是建设公司(或工程局)、二级公司两级独立核算或内部独立核算、工程处(或工程队)、班组四级管理;自身负担重,退离休人员逐年增多(有的已到万人),不同程度肩负社会教育责任,生活后勤系统庞大;一线精干下来的富余人员基数大等。 自改革开放以来,特别是转换企业经营机
According to the statistics of the Ministry of Construction in late 1991, there are 73 construction companies with more than 10,000 people nationwide. Among them, there are 57 state-owned construction enterprises in the Central Department. There are 20 metallurgical systems (including nonferrous metals), 23 railway systems, 12 construction systems, 8 hydropower systems, 2 transportation systems, and 8 other systems. These companies have basically the same basic characteristics: bases relied on large and medium-sized cities; state-owned fixed assets exceed 100 million yuan; business scope of construction, installation, production and processing and tertiary industries; and they occupy the leading position in large and medium-sized construction projects in the construction industry. There are many construction points, wide areas, long battle lines, large liquidity; there are many internal management levels, which are generally independent accounting for construction companies (or engineering bureaus) and second-tier companies or internal independent accounting, and the Agency (or engineering team). The team has four levels of management; its own burden is heavy, and the number of retired and retired staff has increased year by year (some have reached 10,000), and they have shouldered social education responsibilities in varying degrees, and their living logistics system is huge; the number of surplus personnel laid down in the front line is large. Since the reform and opening up, especially the transformation of business operations